Datapoint Pidgin Hawaiian/Passive constructions

In the lexifier, the passive consists of marking the verb with -'ia and the agent optionally marked with e. Neither grammatical marker was incorporated into the pidgin, but the former occurs marginally in texts showing strong lexifier influence (which is not typical for the pidgin). Most examples of passives occur in relative clauses.

Values

Passive without verbal coding Frequency: 90.0%

Example 71-166:
Kela ten dollars makana au, oe kipu au?
Kela
det
ten
ten
dollars
dollars
makana
give
au,
1sg
oe
2sg
kipu
bribe
au?
1sg
Those ten dollars that were given to me, (was that so) you could bribe me? OR: Did you give me that $10 as bribe money? (official court translation)
Example 71-167:
Iaia aihue ke dala haawi iaia makana kela makua wau.
Iaia
3sg
aihue
steal
ke
def
dala
money
[Ø
[Ø
__
__
haawi
give
iaia
3sg
makana
give
kela
det
makua
father
wau].
1sg.poss]
He stole the money that was given to him to give to my father.
Confidence:
Certain

Typical passive construction Frequency: 10.0%

Example 71-165:
Aole kela ka lole aihue ia.
Aole
neg
kela
that
ka
def
lole
clothes
aihue
steal
ia.
pass
Those are not the clothes which were stolen.
Confidence:
Certain