Datapoint Chinese Pidgin Russian/Expletive subject of existential verb

Values

An expletive subject is not used

Example 65-98:
деси тама наша нагарода.
Desi tama naʃa nagaroda.
Desi
here
tama
there
naʃa
1pl
nagaroda.
vegetable.garden
There were our vegetable gardens in all places.

Source: Perekhvalskaya 2008: 272

Example 65-99:
Уотэта кипиталистэ ного была раньсе.
Woteta kipitalistə noga byla lan'ʃə.
Woteta
like.that
kipitalistə
capitalist
noga
many
byla
cop.pfv
lan'ʃə.
before
There were many capitalists of this kind in the old times.

Source: Perekhvalskaya 2008: 245

Confidence:
Very certain