Datapoint Juba Arabic/Position of tense, aspect, and mood markers in relation to the verb

The only marker that cannot occur immediately adjacent to the verb is the secondary marker /kan/, which occurs in a leftward position.
/kan/ is considered a secondary marker, since it is not cliticized like /bi/ and /ge/. At the same time, it only adds a temporal meaning to TAM values already expressed by bare verbs and primary markers.

Values

Immediately preceding the verb Frequency: 75.0%

Example 64-82:
úmon birája búkra
úmon
3pl
bi=rája
irr=come.back
búkra
tomorrow
They will come back tomorrow.

Source: Manfredi 2005: 168

Example 64-83:
ána geágra inglízi
ána
1sg
ge=ágra
prog=study
inglízi
English
I’m studying English.

Source: Manfredi 2005: 166

Confidence:
Very certain

In a leftward position Frequency: 25.0%

Example 64-84:
kan úo ma tála bára úmon kan ma biligó úo
kan
cond
úo
3sg
ma
neg
tála
go.out
bára
outside
úmon
3pl
kan
ant
ma
neg
bi=ligó
irr=find
úo
3sg
If he hadn’t come out into the open, they wouldn’t have found him.

Source: Manfredi 2005: 171

Example 64-85:
wókit ána kan ma geisténna íta íta wósulu
wókit
time
ána
1sg
kan
ant
ma
neg
ge=isténna
prog=wait
íta
2sg
íta
2sg
wósulu
arrive
When I was no longer waiting for you, you arrived.

Source: Tosco 1995: 439

Confidence:
Very certain