APiCS Online -

Datapoint Vincentian Creole/Special dependent person forms for subject and object

The neutral 3SG personal pronouns i/uhm (both unstressed) and the 2nd person form yo cannot be used independently.

Example 7-36:: mi, yu, hi, shi, (aa)wi, aayo, dem; yo, i
mi,
I.indp
yu,
you.indp
hi,
he.indp
shi,
she.indp
(aa)wi,
we.indp
aayo,
you.pl.indp
dem;
they.indp
yo,
you.dep
i
he/she.dep
I, you, he, she, we, you(PL), they; you, he/she
Example 7-37:: (independent object:) mi, yu, hi, shi, (aa)wi, aayo, dem vs. (dependent object:) yo, i, uhm
(independent
(independent
object:)
object:)
mi,
me
yu,
you
hi,
him
shi,
her
(aa)wi,
us
aayo,
you.pl
dem
them
vs.
vs.
(dependent
(dependent
object:)
object:)
yo,
you
i,
him/her
uhm
him/her
me, you, him, her, we, you (PL), they vs. you, him/her, him/her
Example 7-38:: Hu du dat? – Hi.
Hu
who
du
do
dat?
dem
–
–
Hi.
3sg.m
Who did that? – He did.
Example 7-39:: Hu du dat? – Shi.
Hu
who
du
do
dat?
dem
–
–
Shi.
3sg.f
Who did that? – She did.
Example 7-40:: Hu du dat? – *i/*uhm; *yo
Hu
who
du
do
dat?
dem
–
–
*i/*uhm;
3sg.n/3sg.obj
*yo
2
Who did that? – NOT: He/she; You did.
Example 7-41:: Hu du dat? – *yo du uhm
Hu
who
du
do
dat?
dem
–
–
*yo
2
du
do
uhm
3.obj
Who did that? – NOT: YOU did it.