Datapoint Fanakalo/Passive constructions

The passive is rare, and may be lexical. It occurs with a small set of verbs with resulting adjectival meaning: 'cooked', 'ripe', 'closed', 'open', and seldom with an overt passivized by-agent phrase. However more proficient speakers do produce forms like 'was born' and also have two passive suffixes: -wa for present 'is closed' and -iwe for past 'was closed'. So, though restricted, I think the pidgin just about has a passive that uses a suffix (and two for some speakers).

Values

Typical passive construction

Example 61-94:
Lo skafu yena phekiwe (ga lo Jane).
Lo
def.art
skafu
food
yena
it
phek-iwe
cook-pass
(ga
(ag
lo
def.art
Jane).
Jane)
The food was cooked (by Jane).
Confidence:
Intermediate