Datapoint Kriol/Focusing of the noun phrase
There seem to be two ways of expressing nominal identification focus in Kriol: One is by a cleft construction, the other just by fronting and giving prosodic prominence to the focused constituent, which is also followed by the particle na.
The cleft construction is not well attested and it is not clear whether all varieties have it. In the attested examples it involves, in the clefted clause, the recognitional demonstrative thet~jet~det (see Feature 28 "Definite articles") and a marker the~tha~je~da~sa which also occurs in simple equational clauses, but is restricted to this function (see e.g. Example 197). Despite having its origin in the English definite article, it is analyzed here as a copula restricted to equational clauses, following Hudson (1985): "There is not much doubt that da is derived from the English article which has been reanalyzed. This is not surprising since the copula in English is almost elided in such sentences as 'He's a teacher' and the article has been interpreted as the linking word. (...) For this reason I have analysed da as a linking device rather than an article" (Hudson 1985: 89).
(Hudson however does not discuss clefts).
The background clause is unmarked, and exhibits the unmarked subject relative clause strategy also attested in Kriol (see Feature 92 "Subject relative clauses").
Values 
Fronting with particle after focus
Frequency: 50.0%
- Example 25-112:
-
Maitbi im na im gin album wi.Maitbimaybeim3sgnanow/focim3sggincanalb-umhelp-trwi.1plMaybe he, he can help us. OR: Maybe he's the one who can help us.
Source: Sandefur and Sandefur 1982: 61
- Example 25-327:
-
Oni melabat na bin seif theya la Top Kemp.Onionlymelabat1plnanow/focbinpstseifsafetheyatherelalocTopTopKemp.Camp[It was] only us [who] were safe there at the Top Camp.
Source: Angelo et al. 1998
- Confidence:
- Intermediate
Cleft with copula before focus
Frequency: 50.0%
- Example 25-56:
-
Thet the kenggaru na langa hil we im jidan.Thetdemtheeq.copkenggarukangaroonanowlangalochilhillwesubordim3sgjidan.stay(Discussing animal names:) That's the kangaroo that lives in the hills.
- Example 25-98:
-
Thet the mindubala lengwij na wi toking la yu dijey taka.Thetdemtheeq.copmindubala1du.excllengwijlanguagenanowwi1pltok-ingtalk-prog2lalocyu2sgdij-eyprox-waytaka.plant.foodIt's OUR language that we're speaking to you [when giving you the word for] this edible plant.
- Example 25-325:
-
Yu nomo gotim ninarlnguj, thet the Nangarla gotim, C.Yu2sgnomoneggot-imhave-trninarlnguj,lower.legthetdemtheeq.copNangarlaNangarlagot-im,have-trC.C.You don't have (the word) ninarlnguj (written down), it's Nangarla who has it, C. (referring to another linguist)
- Example 25-328:
-
Thas tha wan gada kili wi. Im itha tharran ja o thet flu na.Thasdem:eq.copthadetwanonegadafut/obligkilikill:trwi.1plIm3sgithaeithertharrandemjathereoorthetdemflufluna.now/focThat's the one [that] will kill us. It's either that one or the flu.
Source: Angelo et al. 1998
- Confidence:
- Intermediate