Datapoint Singapore Bazaar Malay/Polar questions

In Bazaar Malay, polar questions can be marked in 3 different ways:

(1) rising intonation contour occurring at the end of the question;
(2) the particle ah used at the end of the question;
(3) the particle ka used immediately after the question constituent.

Following Standard Malay structure, one of my informants who knew Standard Malay used ada ka kamu cikgu [be Q 2SG teacher] 'Are you a teacher?' The standard form is rarely used.

Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.

Values

Only interrogative intonation Frequency: 46.7%

Example 67-210:
Tahu niaga?
Tahu
know
niaga?
business
[Do you] know the word niaga?

Source: Aye 2005: 137, 138

Confidence:
Very certain

Final question particle Frequency: 46.7%

Example 67-209:
Lu mahu tengok masak ah?
Lu
2sg
mahu
want
tengok
see
masak
cook
ah?
q
Do you want to see the cooking?

Source: Aye 2005: 138

Confidence:
Very certain

Question particle in other position Frequency: 6.7%

Example 67-211:
Bagus, tak paham ka bagus?
Bagus,
good
tak
neg
paham
understand
ka
q
bagus?
good
Bagus? Don’t [you] understand bagus?

Source: Aye 2005: 138

Confidence:
Very certain