Datapoint Sango/Complementizer with verbs of knowing

Values 3 and 4 illustrate variation in Sango. One might say that people are experimenting with ways of dealing with these constructions at a time when the model of Sango is not as clear as it used to be and when French is affecting the language at the same time.

Values

Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’ Frequency: 63.6%

Example 59-296:
lo hinga atene ni eke wali
lo
3sg
hinga
know
a-tene
pm-say
ni
3sg.log
eke
cop
wali
woman
She knows that she's a woman.

Source: Samarin 1967: 143

Example 59-297:
mbi ma atene mo mu koli ka
mbi
1sg
ma
hear
a-tene
pm-say
mo
2sg
mu
take
koli
man
ka
there
I hear that you got married over there.

Source: Samarin 1967: 142

Confidence:
Very certain

No complementizer Frequency: 27.3%

Example 59-298:
i hinga ake yi ti mbito mingi
i
1pl
hinga
know
a-yeke
pm-cop
yi
thing
ti
of
mbito
fear
mingi
much
We know that it is a terrible thing.

Source: Samarin 1967: 212

Confidence:
Certain

Complementizer not synchronically related to ‘say’ Frequency: 9.1%

Example 59-299:
mbi ma tongana mo mu koli ape?
mbi
1sg
ma
hear
tongana
like
mo
2sg
mu
take
koli
man
ape?
neg
Haven't I heard that you got married?

Source: Samarin 1967: 212

Confidence:
Intermediate