As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 40) note, location phrases are formed with the locational preposition na, which may then be followed by another locational marker such as ondro ‘under’, ini ‘in’, tapu ‘top’, etc. (cf. examples 12 and 15). The latter items can also be used independently of na. Na used by itself simply marks location or a goal, as in:
Mi de na mi mama oso.
[1SG be.at LOC 1SG mother house]
‘I’m at my mother’s house.'
Mi e go na mi mama oso.
[1SG IPFV go LOC 1SG mother house]
‘I’m going to my mother’s house.’ (Wilner 1992: 47)
Locational markers such as ini and ondro may either precede the noun, in which case they seem to function like prepositions, or follow the noun, in which case they are like nominalizations.
A bedi de na ini a kamra.
[DET bed be-at LOC in DET room]
‘The bed is in the room.’ (Wilner 1992: 33)
A bedi de na a karma ini.
[DET bed be-at LOC DET room inside]
‘The bed is in the room’ (constructed by Don Winford)
The latter type of construction has parallels in Gbe languages. See Bryun, Adrienne. 1995. Grammaticalization in Creoles: The development of determiners and relative clauses in Sranan. Dortrecht: ICG printing, 241-253 for further discussion of this.
Source: Nickel and Wilner 1984: 39
Source: Nickel and Wilner 1984: 39
Source: Nickel and Wilner 1984: 40
Source: Wilner 1992: 47
Source: Wilner 1992: 47
Source: Wilner 1992: 33