Datapoint Ghanaian Pidgin English/Subject relative clauses

Zero + gap constructions (Value 4) are not found in relative clauses, but this construction is rather common in clefts, which otherwise have the same structure as relative clauses:

ì be atʃampɔŋ [ opin dis haiwe ]
3SG COP Acheampong [ open this highway ]
'It was Acheampong who opened this highway.'

Values

Relative particle and resumptive pronoun Frequency: 53.8%

Example 16-132:
dɛ bɔla we ì de fɔ dat ples
dɛ
art
bɔla
refuse
[we
[rel
ì
3sg
de
cop
fɔ
for
dat
dem
ples]
place]
the refuse that was over there

Source: Huber 1999: 183

Confidence:
Very certain

Relative particle and gap Frequency: 23.1%

Example 16-131:
dat tɔl masalaʤi we de dɛ
dat
dem
tɔl
tall
masalaʤi
mosque
[we
[rel
Ø
Ø
de
cop
dɛ]
there]
that tall mosque which is over there

Source: Huber 1999: 194

Confidence:
Very certain

Zero and resumptive pronoun Frequency: 23.1%

Example 16-133:
jù gò si pipu dè dè slip fɔ graũ
jù
2sg
gò
fut
si
see
pipu
people
[Ø
[Ø
dè
3pl
dè
hab
slip
sleep
fɔ
for
graũ]
ground]
You will see people who sleep on the ground.

Source: Huber 1999: 185

Confidence:
Very certain