Value Particle, a few lexical items may intervene

Language:
Kriol
Parameter:
Tightness of the link between the past marker and the verb
References
Sandefur 1979

Examples

  1. Dubala bin nomo laigim bolorrimap langa mibala.
    Dubala
    3du
    bin
    pst
    nomo
    neg
    laig-im
    like-tr
    bolor-im-ap
    follow-tr-up
    langa
    loc
    mibala.
    1pl
    The two didn't want to follow us.

    See Sandefur and Sandefur 1982: 63

  2. Ai bin gibitbat la ola kid tu sambala mani blanga plei.
    Ai
    1sg
    bin
    pst
    gib-it-bat
    give-tr-prog
    la
    loc
    ola
    pl
    kid
    child
    tu
    too
    sam-bala
    some-adj2
    mani
    money
    blanga
    dat/poss
    plei.
    play
    I was also giving the children some money for playing.

    See Angelo et al. 1998

  3. Imin oldei telim mi “givit bek langa im thet taka blanga im, yu bin takat naf, givit bek la thet beibi".
    Im=in
    3sg=pst
    oldei
    always
    tel-im
    tell-tr
    mi
    1sg
    “giv-it
    give-tr
    bek
    back
    langa
    loc
    im
    3sg
    thet
    dem
    taka
    tucker
    blanga
    dat/poss
    im,
    3sg
    yu
    2sg
    bin
    pst
    takat
    eat
    naf,
    enough
    giv-it
    give-tr
    bek
    back
    la
    loc
    thet
    dem
    beibi".
    baby
    She used to say to me "give it back to her, that food of hers, you have eaten enough, give it back to the baby".
  4. Imin oldei nesimbat tu jet faiya.
    Im=in
    3sg=pst
    oldei
    always/hab
    nes-im-bat
    nurse-tr-prog
    tu
    too
    jet
    dem
    faiya.
    fire
    It used to look after the fire too. (crocodile in myth)

    See Sandefur and Sandefur 1982: 61

  5. En dijan griba tu, wi bin wana jakim la wada.
    En
    and
    dijan
    prox:adj
    griba
    creeper
    tu,
    too
    wi
    1pl
    bin
    pst
    wana
    pot
    jak-im
    throw-tr
    la
    loc
    wada.
    water
    And this creeper (plant), we would have thrown it into the water (using it as fish poison).
  6. Wi shud binala gidim du, ei?
    Wi
    1pl
    shud
    should
    bin=ala
    pst=always/hab
    gid-im
    get-tr
    du,
    too
    ei?
    tag
    We should have been getting them too, ey? (Context: flood relief goods). OR: We should have been able to get them too, ey? (Orig. Transl.)

    See Angelo et al. 1998

  7. Yubala bin wana pulum.
    Yubala
    2pl
    bin
    pst
    wana
    pot
    pul-um.
    pull-tr
    You should have pulled him (out).
  8. Ai bin ranbek garra biliken en ai bin bilimap olda eig.
    Ai
    1sg
    bin
    pst
    ran-bek
    run-back
    garra
    com/ins
    biliken
    billycan
    en
    and
    ai
    1sg
    bin
    pst
    bil-im-ap
    fill-tr-up
    olda
    pl
    eig.
    egg
    I ran back with the billycan and I filled it up with the eggs.

    See Sandefur and Sandefur 1982: 65

  9. Yu bin givit thetmob.
    Yu
    2sg
    bin
    pst
    giv-it
    give-tr
    thet-mob.
    dem-coll
    You gave it to those [people].
  10. Mela bin ran fas tharrei la Janjuwa.
    Mela
    1pl.excl
    bin
    pst
    ran
    run
    fas
    fast
    tharr-ei
    dist-dir
    la
    loc
    Janjuwa.
    Janjuwa
    We ran fast there to Junjuwa.

    See Hudson 1985: 157

  11. Mela bin stil swim, guwap, la keib, kabidwan.
    Mela
    1pl.excl
    bin
    pst
    stil
    still
    swim,
    swim
    guw-ap,
    go-up
    la
    loc
    keib,
    cave
    kabid-wan.
    covered-adj
    We still swam and went up into a cave [so we were] covered.

    See Angelo et al. 1998

  12. Dei bin ol luginat la im.
    Dei
    3pl
    bin
    pst
    ol
    all
    lug-in-at
    look-prog-at
    la
    loc
    im.
    3sg
    They all looked at him.

    See Sandefur and Sandefur 1982: 61