'U' is generally avoided as it is very formal. In the plural form, it is a marker of even more formal situations (Donaldson 1993: 126). For polite address, the language also uses titles like Pa, Ma, Oom, Tannie, Dr, Meneer, Mevrou, etc. ('Dad', 'Mum', 'Uncle', 'Auntie', 'Dr', 'Mr', 'Mrs' etc.)