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"confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14116, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "57-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 53, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 53, "source": "own knowledge Ehrhart"}}], "label": "Tayo", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 53, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 52, "jsondata": {}, "id": "57", "name": "Tayo", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -22.0, "longitude": 166.333328}, "name": "Tayo"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [166.333328, -22.0]}, "id": "57"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "63-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16929, "valueset_pk": 15618, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15618, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "63-90", "description": "In the passive construction, the tone shifts to the end of the verb, with an additionnal vowel in some cases:\n\n\u00e1kul > \u00e1kul\u00fa \n'to eat' 'to be eaten'\n\nk\u00fatu > kut\u00fa \n'to put' 'to be put'", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 60, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 60, "source": null}}], "label": "Kinubi", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 60, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Arabic", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 59, "jsondata": {}, "id": "63", "name": "Kinubi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.666667, "longitude": 32.083332}, "name": "Kinubi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [32.083332, 0.666667]}, "id": "63"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "66-90-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 17718, "valueset_pk": 16359, "domainelement_pk": 1358, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1358, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "90-4", "name": "Other atypical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 3, "abbr": "Other atypical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16359, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "66-90", "description": "The passive construction (with accusative-marked patient) in Sri Lankan Malay may be restricted to adversative contexts in the Colombo area dialect. It is completely productive in the Kirinda dialect, however.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 63, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 63, "source": "M.T.M. Rihan, p.c."}}], "label": "Sri Lankan Malay", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 63, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Malay", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 62, "jsondata": {}, "id": "66", "name": "Sri Lankan Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 7.0, "longitude": 81.25}, "name": "Sri Lankan Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.25, 7.0]}, "id": "66"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "74-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19764, "valueset_pk": 18303, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18303, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "74-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 72, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 72, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Chinuk Wawa", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 72, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 71, "jsondata": {}, "id": "74", "name": "Chinuk Wawa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 53.700001, "longitude": -127.73333}, "name": "Chinuk Wawa"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-127.73333, 53.700001]}, "id": "74"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "18-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4776, "valueset_pk": 4357, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4357, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "18-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 10, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 10, "source": null}}], "label": "Cameroon Pidgin English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 10, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 10, "jsondata": {}, "id": "18", "name": "Cameroon Pidgin English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 3.383333, "longitude": 9.966667}, "name": "Cameroon Pidgin English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [9.966667, 3.383333]}, "id": "18"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "22-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 5851, "valueset_pk": 5347, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5347, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "22-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 15, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 15, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Tok Pisin", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 15, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 14, "jsondata": {}, "id": "22", "name": "Tok Pisin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -9.5, "longitude": 147.166672}, "name": "Tok Pisin"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [147.166672, -9.5]}, "id": "22"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "25-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6661, "valueset_pk": 6092, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 6092, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "25-90", "description": "Value 1 was chosen even though the passive construction may not be fully productive; in any case it is not very frequent. It is formed by combining the grammatical verb get~git with a form of the lexical verb which often appears to be a frozen form of the corresponding English participle (which does not occur in any other construction). The passive is analogous to the adjectival inchoative construction which also involves get~git, as in Wel imin git kwait na 'Well, he became quiet then.' (Example 107).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 18, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 18, "source": "Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt; Fieldwork Angelo"}}], "label": "Kriol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 18, "region": "Australia", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 17, "jsondata": {}, "id": "25", "name": "Kriol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -14.833333, "longitude": 135.0}, "name": "Kriol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [135.0, -14.833333]}, "id": "25"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "26-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6925, "valueset_pk": 6340, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 6340, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "26-90", "description": "The passive construction is not generally used, even though it is possible; speakers seem to tend to avoid prototypical passive constructions.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 19, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 19, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Hawai\u2018i Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 19, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 18, "jsondata": {}, "id": "26", "name": "Hawai\u2018i Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 21.5, "longitude": -158.0}, "name": "Hawai\u2018i Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-158.0, 21.5]}, "id": "26"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "39-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10494, "valueset_pk": 9619, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9619, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "39-90", "description": "At present, the issue of whether Diu Indo-Portuguese contains a formal passivization strategy is not sufficiently worked out. On the one hand, it is clear that, given the language's inclination for elision, the most productive means to demote a particular argument which is deemed non-essential to the speech act is simply not to produce it. [If the agent subject of a transitive verb is ellided, the object may either occur post-verbally (the prototypical object position) or pre-verbally, which does not impair proper parsing of the sentence in the sense that context will normally clarify the role of the expressed constituent.]\n\nAttempts to elicit passive constructions, particularly those with an overt agent, met with hesitation and inconsistent output: most speakers produced a regular active sentence, while others produced constructions approaching the Standard Portuguese passive (i.e. auxiliary ser 'to be' + past participle, agent expressed in a prepositional phrase with por 'by'), consisting of a participle form preceded by a form of either the copula te or the verb vay 'to go', with the agent expressed in a prepositional phrase with prepositions p\u0259 or d\u0259. If anything, this exercise highlights the fact that speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese do not make regular use of a passivization strategy allowing the agent to be expressed, and when pressed look towards Standard Portuguese for a model.\n\nThe spoken corpus does contain a number of instances of participles preceded by either a form of the copula/auxiliary te or the verb fika 'to become', which have been proposed as likely candidates for passive constructions. However, none of these has an exclusively passive use, and it remains to be ascertained whether or not they construct passive meaning at all. Therefore, even though I suspect none of these constructions should be interpreted as a passive construction, I admit further research may prove otherwise.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 33, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 33, "source": null}}], "label": "Diu Indo-Portuguese", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 33, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 32, "jsondata": {}, "id": "39", "name": "Diu Indo-Portuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 20.713087, "longitude": 70.984726}, "name": "Diu Indo-Portuguese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.984726, 20.713087]}, "id": "39"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "41-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11040, "valueset_pk": 10125, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10125, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "41-90", "description": "The productivity of this construction needs to be investigated in order to establish its status as a true passive. The verb + du form may be better analyzed as an adjective. Such forms appear prenominally. Intransitive verbs appear in this pseudo-passive construction (as in Example 6).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 36, "source": null}}], "label": "Sri Lanka Portuguese", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 36, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 35, "jsondata": {}, "id": "41", "name": "Sri Lanka Portuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 8.5, "longitude": 81.686096}, "name": "Sri Lanka Portuguese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.686096, 8.5]}, "id": "41"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "61-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16409, "valueset_pk": 15121, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15121, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "61-90", "description": "The passive is rare, and may be lexical. It occurs with a small set of verbs with resulting adjectival meaning: 'cooked', 'ripe', 'closed', 'open', and seldom with an overt passivized by-agent phrase. However more proficient speakers do produce forms like 'was born' and also have two passive suffixes: -wa for present 'is closed' and -iwe for past 'was closed'. So, though restricted, I think the pidgin just about has a passive that uses a suffix (and two for some speakers).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 58, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 58, "source": null}}], "label": "Fanakalo", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 58, "region": "Southern Africa", "lexifier": "Bantu", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 57, "jsondata": {}, "id": "61", "name": "Fanakalo", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -28.532656, "longitude": 30.855103}, "name": "Fanakalo"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [30.855103, -28.532656]}, "id": "61"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "70-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18724, "valueset_pk": 17319, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17319, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "70-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 68, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 68, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Pidgin Hindustani", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 68, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 67, "jsondata": {}, "id": "70", "name": "Pidgin Hindustani", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -17.905569, "longitude": 178.088379}, "name": "Pidgin Hindustani"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [178.088379, -17.905569]}, "id": "70"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "76-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 20301, "valueset_pk": 18786, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, 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"name": "Sranan"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-55.0, 5.833333]}, "id": "2"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "3-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 661, "valueset_pk": 583, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 583, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "3-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 23, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 23, "source": null}}], "label": "Saramaccan", "icon": 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-85.12207}, "name": "African American English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-85.12207, 37.282795]}, "id": "14"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "15-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 3930, "valueset_pk": 3599, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 3599, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "15-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 7, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 7, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Krio", "icon": 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Causative mek followed by these pronouns can also be interpreted as passive at times (see Huber 1999: 215).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 8, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 8, "source": null}}], "label": "Ghanaian Pidgin English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 8, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 8, "jsondata": {}, "id": "16", "name": "Ghanaian Pidgin English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.558582, "longitude": -0.20874}, "name": "Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-0.20874, 5.558582]}, "id": "16"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "17-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4494, "valueset_pk": 4106, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4106, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "17-90", "description": "While there is no prototypical passive construction, some marginally passive-like constructions exist.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 9, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 9, "source": null}}], "label": "Nigerian Pidgin", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 9, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 9, "jsondata": {}, "id": "17", "name": "Nigerian Pidgin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 6.358975, "longitude": 5.564575}, "name": "Nigerian Pidgin"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [5.564575, 6.358975]}, "id": "17"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "19-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 5060, "valueset_pk": 4609, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4609, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "19-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 11, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 11, "source": null}}], "label": "Pichi", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 11, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 11, "jsondata": {}, "id": "19", "name": "Pichi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 3.754634, "longitude": 8.779449}, "name": "Pichi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [8.779449, 3.754634]}, "id": "19"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "23-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6125, "valueset_pk": 5599, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5599, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "23-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 16, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 16, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Bislama", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 16, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 15, "jsondata": {}, "id": "23", "name": "Bislama", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -16.0, "longitude": 168.0}, "name": "Bislama"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [168.0, -16.0]}, "id": "23"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "27-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7185, "valueset_pk": 6585, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 6585, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "27-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 20, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 20, "source": null}}], "label": "Negerhollands", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 20, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Dutch", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 19, "jsondata": {}, "id": "27", "name": "Negerhollands", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 18.333332, "longitude": -64.75}, "name": "Negerhollands"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-64.75, 18.333332]}, "id": "27"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "28-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7451, "valueset_pk": 6832, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 6832, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "28-90", "description": "Berbice Dutch passives are nonprototypical in that there is no auxiliary or passive morphology. Note also that Berbice Dutch does not have the equivalent of a by-phrase. In other words, an agentive cannot be expressed in any way in a passive. Passives are of very low frequency.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 21, "source": null}}], "label": "Berbice Dutch", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 21, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Dutch", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 20, "jsondata": {}, "id": "28", "name": "Berbice Dutch", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.611373, "longitude": -57.870827}, "name": "Berbice Dutch"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-57.870827, 5.611373]}, "id": "28"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "29-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7748, "valueset_pk": 7085, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 7085, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "29-90", "description": "Note that there are two passive auxiliaries; (a) word 'become' as the basic passive auxiliary, and (b) wees 'be' for the past/perfect of the passive. In infinitival contexts, things are more complicated though (cf. Donaldson 1993: 261\u2013262).\nLike its other Germanic relatives, but unlike English, Afrikaans also has an impersonal passive (cf. Example 184).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 22, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Afrikaans", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 22, "region": "Southern Africa", "lexifier": "Dutch", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 21, "jsondata": {}, "id": "29", "name": "Afrikaans", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -33.866669, "longitude": 18.6}, "name": "Afrikaans"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.6, -33.866669]}, "id": "29"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "30-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 8025, "valueset_pk": 7335, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 7335, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "30-90", "description": "Passive voice is expressed by the suffix -du.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 24, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 24, "source": null}}], "label": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 24, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 23, "jsondata": {}, "id": "30", "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 15.083333, "longitude": -22.616667}, "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-22.616667, 15.083333]}, "id": "30"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "33-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 8841, "valueset_pk": 8093, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8093, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "33-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 27, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 27, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 26, "jsondata": {}, "id": "33", "name": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 11.9, "longitude": -15.0}, "name": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-15.0, 11.9]}, "id": "33"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "34-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9122, "valueset_pk": 8346, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8346, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "34-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 28, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 28, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Casamancese Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 28, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 27, "jsondata": {}, "id": "34", "name": "Casamancese Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.7, "longitude": -16.274}, "name": "Casamancese Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-16.274, 12.7]}, "id": "34"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "35-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9406, "valueset_pk": 8606, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8606, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "35-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 29, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Santome", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 29, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 28, "jsondata": {}, "id": "35", "name": "Santome", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.33285, "longitude": 6.88}, "name": "Santome"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.88, 0.33285]}, "id": "35"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "36-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9685, "valueset_pk": 8867, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8867, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "36-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 30, "source": "Own fieldwork data 2008"}}], "label": "Angolar", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 30, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 29, "jsondata": {}, "id": "36", "name": "Angolar", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.134582, "longitude": 6.48}, "name": "Angolar"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.48, 0.134582]}, "id": "36"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "43-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11549, "valueset_pk": 10604, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10604, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "43-90", "description": "There is no prototypical passive in the Batavia corpus; in Example 107, the patient occurs in subject position, but there are no examples which contain an agent.\nThe Tugu variety, however, possesses a prototypical passive construction.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 38, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 38, "source": null}}], "label": "Batavia Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 38, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 37, "jsondata": {}, "id": "43", "name": "Batavia Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -6.716667, "longitude": 107.183334}, "name": "Batavia Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [107.183334, -6.716667]}, "id": "43"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "45-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 12055, "valueset_pk": 11071, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11071, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "45-90", "description": "The agent/subject can be omitted, but the construction is not a prototypical passive.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 40, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 40, "source": "Own data"}}], "label": "Cavite Chabacano", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 40, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 39, "jsondata": {}, "id": "45", "name": "Cavite Chabacano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 14.7, "longitude": 120.9}, "name": "Cavite Chabacano"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [120.9, 14.7]}, "id": "45"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "46-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 12323, "valueset_pk": 11323, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11323, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "46-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 41, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 41, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Zamboanga Chabacano", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 41, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 40, "jsondata": {}, "id": "46", "name": "Zamboanga Chabacano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 7.0, "longitude": 122.083336}, "name": "Zamboanga Chabacano"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [122.083336, 7.0]}, "id": "46"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "47-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 12592, "valueset_pk": 11569, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11569, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "47-90", "description": "The Papiamentu passive has the following characteristics:\n(a) a passive auxiliary appears; this is either Spanish-derived ser or Dutch-derived wordu;\n(b) the main verb appears in a participle form;\n(c) the agent is optionally expressed; it is introduced by pa ('for'; Curacaoan speakers) or by the complex prepositional expression dor di (all dialects), where dor 'by' is an intransitive content-P made transitive by the addition of the functional P di 'of'.\nInstead of a passive construction, an impersonal construction can be used: It contains a null subject which can be considered to have arbitrary reference.\nAlternatively, an active construction can be used with a pronominal subject nan [3PL], which receives arbitrary interpretation. And finally, a construction using keda 'remain, stay' as auxiliary can also express passive meaning.\nThe passive construction is not frequent, and it is probably safe to say that many speakers consider it somewhat formal. For instance, Maduro (1971: 16) \"corrects\" the passive Rei Pablo a ser entera\u0301 [king Pablo PFV PASS buried] 'King Pablo has been buried' to an active construction Nan a dera rei Pablo [3PL PFV bury king Pablo] (same meaning). In a further section devoted entirely to \"wrongly used\" passives (pp.43\u201345), he replaces prototypical passives by impersonal constructions and by active constructions with nan subjects.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 42, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 42, "source": null}}], "label": "Papiamentu", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 42, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 41, "jsondata": {}, "id": "47", "name": "Papiamentu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.25, "longitude": -69.0}, "name": "Papiamentu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-69.0, 12.25]}, "id": "47"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "50-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 13428, "valueset_pk": 12336, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 12336, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "50-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 46, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 46, "source": null}}], "label": "Guadeloupean Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 46, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 45, "jsondata": {}, "id": "50", "name": "Guadeloupean Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 15.933333, "longitude": -61.266666}, "name": "Guadeloupean Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-61.266666, 15.933333]}, "id": "50"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "51-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 13707, "valueset_pk": 12592, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 12592, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "51-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 47, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 47, "source": null}}], "label": "Martinican Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 47, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 46, "jsondata": {}, "id": "51", "name": "Martinican Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 14.633333, "longitude": -60.983334}, "name": "Martinican Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-60.983334, 14.633333]}, "id": "51"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "52-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 13974, "valueset_pk": 12848, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 12848, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "52-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 48, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 48, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Guyanais", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 48, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 47, "jsondata": {}, "id": "52", "name": "Guyanais", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 3.922142, "longitude": -51.792297}, "name": "Guyanais"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-51.792297, 3.922142]}, "id": "52"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "59-90-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 15867, "valueset_pk": 14615, "domainelement_pk": 1358, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1358, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "90-4", "name": "Other atypical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 3, "abbr": "Other atypical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14615, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "59-90", "description": "As noted earlier, a pseudo passive construction was introduced by members of Baptist Mid-Missions by orthographically separating the subject marker from the verb in the New Testament and other religious publications. The practice is continued in the recent Bible translation by Central Africans and published by the Central African and United Bible Societies. See Examples 272 and 273.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 55, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 55, "source": null}}], "label": "Sango", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 55, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 54, "jsondata": {}, "id": "59", "name": "Sango", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.0, "longitude": 18.0}, "name": "Sango"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.0, 5.0]}, "id": "59"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "60-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16140, "valueset_pk": 14867, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14867, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "60-90", "description": "In addition to the typical passive construction, exemplified in 60-126, Lingala speakers have three other constructions at their disposal to express passiveness. \n\nOne is the so-called 'agentless passive' (also called 'stative', 'neute', and 'passive-active'). The form is neither passive nor active: in contrast to actives, the grammatical subject is not the agent, and, in contrast to passives, no agent can be explicated or is implied. In other words, the speaker conveys that the subject is affected by the action, but ignores the involvement of an agent.\n\nO-y\u00e9b-\u00e1n-\u00ed\n[2SG-know-NEUT-PRES1]\n\u2018You are known\u2019\n\nA second one is the non-promotional passive, which leaves the verb in the active voice, followed by the original patient complement; replaces the subject marker with the 3PL.AN marker having impersonal or generic reference ('they', 'people'); and identifies the agent in the same way as is done in the typical passive construction, i.e. by means of a prepositional phrase with na.\n\nBa-ko-f\u00edng-a ng\u00e1\u00ed na molakisi\n[3PL.AN-FUT-insult-FV 1SG by teacher]\n'I will be insulted by the teacher'.\n\nA third construction consists in the combination of the (preradical) reflexive marker -m\u00ed- and the (postradical) causative marker -is-. In some contexts this combination conveys, as might be predicated, that the subject referent causes him- or herself to perform the action referred to by the verb root. But in other contexts it concomitantly generates a causative and a passive meaning. Thus, in the example below, the subject referent will not cause himself to insult (someone), but will cause himself to be insulted. In comparison with the typical passive, this construction stresses the responsibility of the subject referent in causing the situation he or she undergoes as patient.\n\nNa-ko-m\u00ed-f\u00edng-is-a na molakisi\n[1SG-FUT-REFL-insult-CAUS-FV by teacher]\n'I will get myself insulted by the teacher'.\n", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 57, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 57, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Lingala", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 57, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Bantu", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 56, "jsondata": {}, "id": "60", "name": "Lingala", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.675176, "longitude": 16.671753}, "name": "Lingala"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.671753, -1.675176]}, "id": "60"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "62-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16662, "valueset_pk": 15366, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15366, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "62-90", "description": "The passive is a verbal derivation. The patient becomes subject; there is the assumption of the presence of an agent and the agent may be expressed by a preposition 'by'. Only transitive verbs can be passivized and the recipient becomes subject in case of passive of ditransitive verb.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 59, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 59, "source": null}}], "label": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 59, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 58, "jsondata": {}, "id": "62", "name": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -4.533333, "longitude": 38.366669}, "name": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [38.366669, -4.533333]}, "id": "62"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "64-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 17202, "valueset_pk": 15872, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15872, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "64-90", "description": "(1) Verbs ending in -u#, -a#. Juba verbs ending in -u# and in -a# are transitive in the majority of cases (e.g. j\u00edbu 'bring', d\u00e1fa 'pay'). The derivation of a passive voice for this category of verbs implies a morphological marking which consists in a stress displacement whose outcomes vary according to the syllabic structure and the phono-morphological features of the verb (e.g. j\u00edbu 'bring' vs. jib\u00fa [bring\\PASS], k\u00e1tulu 'kill' vs. katul\u00fa 'killed', \u00e1sma 'listen' vs. asm\u00e1o 'listened', d\u00e1ba 'slaughter' vs. daba\u00f3 'slaughtered'). As regards the syntax, the subject of the active is often omitted; otherwise, it is placed in a peripheral position in comparison with the patient, which occupies the subject position when an agent is specified or when the passive is followed by a secondary verb (accusative phrase). In the case of impersonal or habitual phrases without agent the patient occupies a direct object position and follows the verb (ergative phrase).\n(2) Verbs ending in -\u00ed#. These are morphologically invariable verbs which always have stress on the last syllable. So even if the patient always precedes the verb, the passive construction is not prototypical since there is no morphological marking. The agent is always absent.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 61, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 61, "source": null}}], "label": "Juba Arabic", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 61, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Arabic", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 60, "jsondata": {}, "id": "64", "name": "Juba Arabic", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 4.266667, "longitude": 31.016666}, "name": "Juba Arabic"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [31.016666, 4.266667]}, "id": "64"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "65-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 17466, "valueset_pk": 16118, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16118, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "65-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 62, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 62, "source": "Own data"}}], "label": "Chinese Pidgin Russian", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 62, "region": "East Asia", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 61, "jsondata": {}, "id": "65", "name": "Chinese Pidgin Russian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.0, "longitude": 134.0}, "name": "Chinese Pidgin Russian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [134.0, 48.0]}, "id": "65"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "67-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 17987, "valueset_pk": 16609, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16609, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "67-90", "description": "In Bazaar Malay, passivization is realized through analytic means. Three types of passive construction are identified in Bazaar Malay.They are: (1) The kena construction, where kena 'suffer' marks passivization, (2) the dapat construction, where the verb dapat 'get' is the passivization marker, and (3) the kasi construction where kasi 'give' marks passivization.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 64, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 64, "source": null}}], "label": "Singapore Bazaar Malay", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 64, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Malay", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 63, "jsondata": {}, "id": "67", "name": "Singapore Bazaar Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 1.329226, "longitude": 104.9}, "name": "Singapore Bazaar Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [104.9, 1.329226]}, "id": "67"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "68-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18251, "valueset_pk": 16860, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16860, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "68-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 65, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 65, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Ambon Malay", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 65, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Malay", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 64, "jsondata": {}, "id": "68", "name": "Ambon Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -3.7, "longitude": 128.149994}, "name": "Ambon Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [128.149994, -3.7]}, "id": "68"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "69-90-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18483, "valueset_pk": 17085, "domainelement_pk": 1356, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1356, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFFFF"}, "id": "90-2", "name": "Absence of passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 4, "abbr": "Absence of passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17085, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFFFF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "69-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 66, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 66, "source": "Own field notes 1985"}}], "label": "Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 66, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 65, "jsondata": {}, "id": "69", "name": "Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -4.666667, "longitude": 143.550003}, "name": "Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [143.550003, -4.666667]}, "id": "69"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "72-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19262, "valueset_pk": 17812, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17812, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "72-90", "description": "Gurindji Kriol also derives a get-passive structure from Kriol, but with some Gurindji \ninnovations. In these structures, the verb form and clausal case structure changes. First \nthe auxiliary verb ged (< get) is added and the transitive marker is lost from the main \nverb. For example, in Example 142, baitim becomes ged bait. Secondly the patient is moved into subject position and the agent becomes an adjunct. The agent loses ergative case marking and acquires ablative case instead. The Kriol brom preposition may be used instead of the ablative marker. It is not clear whether it is possible to derive passive clauses using Gurindji-derived verbs.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 70, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 70, "source": null}}], "label": "Gurindji Kriol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 70, "region": "Australia", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 69, "jsondata": {}, "id": "72", "name": "Gurindji Kriol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -17.450001, "longitude": 130.983337}, "name": "Gurindji Kriol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [130.983337, -17.450001]}, "id": "72"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "73-90-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19513, "valueset_pk": 18057, "domainelement_pk": 1358, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1358, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "90-4", "name": "Other atypical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 3, "abbr": "Other atypical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18057, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "73-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 71, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 71, "source": null}}], "label": "Media Lengua", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 71, "region": "South America", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 70, "jsondata": {}, "id": "73", "name": "Media Lengua", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.816667, "longitude": -78.199997}, "name": "Media Lengua"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-78.199997, -1.816667]}, "id": "73"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "20-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 5322, "valueset_pk": 4857, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 90.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4857, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "20-90", "description": "As in Chinese, there are sentences in which the initial NP is understood as the object of the following verb, without any passive marking. Such sentences can be analyzed either as unmarked passive or as instances of topicalization of the object, with the subject being null. In one example, got may have been used as a passive marker.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 13, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 13, "source": null}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "20-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 5321, "valueset_pk": 4857, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 10.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4857, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "20-90", "description": "As in Chinese, there are sentences in which the initial NP is understood as the object of the following verb, without any passive marking. Such sentences can be analyzed either as unmarked passive or as instances of topicalization of the object, with the subject being null. In one example, got may have been used as a passive marker.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 13, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 13, "source": null}}], "label": "Chinese Pidgin English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 13, "region": "East Asia", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 13, "jsondata": {}, "id": "20", "name": "Chinese Pidgin English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 23.079733, "longitude": 113.334961}, "name": "Chinese Pidgin English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [113.334961, 23.079733]}, "id": "20"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "71-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18991, "valueset_pk": 17562, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 90.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17562, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "71-90", "description": "In the lexifier, the passive consists of marking the verb with -'ia and the agent optionally marked with e. Neither grammatical marker was incorporated into the pidgin, but the former occurs marginally in texts showing strong lexifier influence (which is not typical for the pidgin). Most examples of passives occur in relative clauses.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 69, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 69, "source": "Own data"}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "71-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18990, "valueset_pk": 17562, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 10.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17562, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "71-90", "description": "In the lexifier, the passive consists of marking the verb with -'ia and the agent optionally marked with e. Neither grammatical marker was incorporated into the pidgin, but the former occurs marginally in texts showing strong lexifier influence (which is not typical for the pidgin). Most examples of passives occur in relative clauses.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 69, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 69, "source": "Own data"}}], "label": "Pidgin Hawaiian", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 69, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 68, "jsondata": {}, "id": "71", "name": "Pidgin Hawaiian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 19.8, "longitude": -156.85}, "name": "Pidgin Hawaiian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-156.85, 19.8]}, "id": "71"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "55-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 14800, "valueset_pk": 13608, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 87.5, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 13608, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-13-FF0000-88-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "55-90", "description": "Contrary to the situation in Seychelles Creole (which derives from Mauritian), the so-called \"gany passive\" is not productive in Mauritian Creole and is attested only with a handful of verbs meaning broadly 'punish' or 'suffer' (bate, beze, kraze, ...). It nevertheless has the potential to become productive (see Kriegel, e.g. 1996, 2007). The morphologically unmarked passive construction is by far the most common one, as in Example 169.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 51, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 51, "source": null}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "55-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 14801, "valueset_pk": 13608, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 12.5, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 13608, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-13-FF0000-88-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "55-90", "description": "Contrary to the situation in Seychelles Creole (which derives from Mauritian), the so-called \"gany passive\" is not productive in Mauritian Creole and is attested only with a handful of verbs meaning broadly 'punish' or 'suffer' (bate, beze, kraze, ...). It nevertheless has the potential to become productive (see Kriegel, e.g. 1996, 2007). The morphologically unmarked passive construction is by far the most common one, as in Example 169.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 51, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 51, "source": null}}], "label": "Mauritian Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 51, "region": "Indian Ocean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 50, "jsondata": {}, "id": "55", "name": "Mauritian Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -20.0, "longitude": 58.0}, "name": "Mauritian Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [58.0, -20.0]}, "id": "55"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "12-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 3117, "valueset_pk": 2845, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 70.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2845, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "12-90", "description": "There are a number of passive constructions in Bahamian Creole English: (1) what Winford (1993: 118) labels \"basic passive\u201c; this type involves no agent phrase, no morphological marking to indicate that the verb is passive, and no copula (as in Examples 220 and 221); (2) the get-passive, which consists of the auxiliary get and an unmarked form of the transitive verb as its complement (as in Example 219) (more acrolectal speakers employ got, and the transitive verb is usually marked, as in Example 176); (3) the be-passive (as in Example 223), which, however, only occurs among very acrolectal speakers. Based on my own informal observation, the \"basic passive\u201c is the most basilectal form.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 4, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 4, "source": "Own knowledge"}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "12-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 3116, "valueset_pk": 2845, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 30.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2845, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "12-90", "description": "There are a number of passive constructions in Bahamian Creole English: (1) what Winford (1993: 118) labels \"basic passive\u201c; this type involves no agent phrase, no morphological marking to indicate that the verb is passive, and no copula (as in Examples 220 and 221); (2) the get-passive, which consists of the auxiliary get and an unmarked form of the transitive verb as its complement (as in Example 219) (more acrolectal speakers employ got, and the transitive verb is usually marked, as in Example 176); (3) the be-passive (as in Example 223), which, however, only occurs among very acrolectal speakers. Based on my own informal observation, the \"basic passive\u201c is the most basilectal form.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 4, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 4, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Bahamian Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 4, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "12", "name": "Bahamian Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 25.053879, "longitude": -77.33963}, "name": "Bahamian Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-77.33963, 25.053879]}, "id": "12"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "24-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6387, "valueset_pk": 5846, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 70.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5846, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "24-90", "description": "More research on the passive construction in Norf'k is required.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 17, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 17, "source": "Own knowledge"}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "24-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6386, "valueset_pk": 5846, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 30.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5846, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "24-90", "description": "More research on the passive construction in Norf'k is required.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 17, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 17, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Norf'k", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 17, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 16, "jsondata": {}, "id": "24", "name": "Norf'k", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -29.033209, "longitude": 167.957947}, "name": "Norf'k"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [167.957947, -29.033209]}, "id": "24"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "53-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 14245, "valueset_pk": 13099, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 70.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 13099, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "53-90", "description": "The use of trouve as passive auxiliary is more frequent in Pointe Coupee Creole than in Breaux Bridge Creole.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 49, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 49, "source": null}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "53-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 14244, "valueset_pk": 13099, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 30.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 13099, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "53-90", "description": "The use of trouve as passive auxiliary is more frequent in Pointe Coupee Creole than in Breaux Bridge Creole.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 49, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 49, "source": null}}], "label": "Louisiana Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 49, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 48, "jsondata": {}, "id": "53", "name": "Louisiana Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 30.166668, "longitude": -91.833336}, "name": "Louisiana Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-91.833336, 30.166668]}, "id": "53"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "9-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 2308, "valueset_pk": 2089, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 70.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2089, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "9-90", "description": "The four examples 166, 164, 165 and 167 given for Value 3 show that the passive interpretation is derived from the basic verb stem, with no special particle. Other particles may be present (e.g. the future particle in Example 166). Since only the context provides the correct interpretation (passive or active), it is in fact doubtful that Belizean Creole has a passive construction.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 76, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 76, "source": null}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "9-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 2307, "valueset_pk": 2089, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 30.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2089, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "9-90", "description": "The four examples 166, 164, 165 and 167 given for Value 3 show that the passive interpretation is derived from the basic verb stem, with no special particle. Other particles may be present (e.g. the future particle in Example 166). Since only the context provides the correct interpretation (passive or active), it is in fact doubtful that Belizean Creole has a passive construction.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 76, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 76, "source": null}}], "label": "Belizean Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 76, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 75, "jsondata": {}, "id": "9", "name": "Belizean Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 17.533333, "longitude": -88.25}, "name": "Belizean Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-88.25, 17.533333]}, "id": "9"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "11-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 2843, "valueset_pk": 2593, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 70.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2593, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "11-90", "description": "In present-day Nicaraguan Creole English, even English passive constructions occur.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 3, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 3, "source": "Own knowledge"}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "11-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 2842, "valueset_pk": 2593, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 30.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2593, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "11-90", "description": "In present-day Nicaraguan Creole English, even English passive constructions occur.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 3, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 3, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Nicaraguan Creole English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 3, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "11", "name": "Nicaraguan Creole English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.0, "longitude": -83.75}, "name": "Nicaraguan Creole English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-83.75, 12.0]}, "id": "11"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "42-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11306, "valueset_pk": 10373, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 70.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10373, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "42-90", "description": "The passive with toka is an adversity passive only.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 37, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 37, "source": null}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "42-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11305, "valueset_pk": 10373, "domainelement_pk": 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1.33]}, "id": "21"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "56-90-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 15079, "valueset_pk": 13864, "domainelement_pk": 1357, "frequency": 50.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1357, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "90-3", "name": "Passive without verbal coding", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 2, "abbr": "Passive without verbal marking"}, "valueset": {"pk": 13864, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "56-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 52, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 52, "source": "Own knowledge"}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "56-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 15080, "valueset_pk": 13864, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 50.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 13864, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "56-90", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 52, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 52, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Seychelles Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,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", "language": {"pk": 52, "region": "Indian Ocean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 51, "jsondata": {}, "id": "56", "name": "Seychelles Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -4.75, "longitude": 55.5}, "name": "Seychelles Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [55.5, -4.75]}, "id": "56"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "75-90-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 20065, "valueset_pk": 18562, "domainelement_pk": 1358, "frequency": 50.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1358, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "90-4", "name": "Other atypical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 3, "abbr": "Other atypical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18562, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "75-90", "description": "Michif has passive forms. There are several passive suffixes, partly depending on the gender of the subject-patient. The meaning difference between the suffixes -ikawi- and -ikasho-, both used for animate passives, is not clear.\n\nIntransitive verbs can be passivized as well, roughly as in 'there was dancing'. This is sometimes called an \"indefinite actor\" form. \n\nIndefinite actor forms also exist for transitive verbs, as in waapameew 'he sees him', waapiw 'he sees', or namu waapiw 'he is blind'. \n\nThe expression of the oblique agent can take several forms. It may be unmarked or marked with a 'by' phrase, mostly with par 'by', sometimes with ushchi 'from'.\n\nMichif also has an inverse system in which subject and object are marked in special ways, roughly depending on the topic of the discourse. Verbal inflection is different, and the non-topic ('obviative') can get a special marker -(a)wa.\n\nThe passive and inverse seem to interact in subtle ways.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 73, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 73, "source": "Own knowledge"}}, {"jsondata": {}, "id": "75-90-1", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 20066, "valueset_pk": 18562, "domainelement_pk": 1355, "frequency": 50.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1355, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "90-1", "name": "Typical passive construction", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 327, "number": 1, "abbr": "Typical passive construction"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18562, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 2}, "id": "75-90", "description": "Michif has passive forms. There are several passive suffixes, partly depending on the gender of the subject-patient. The meaning difference between the suffixes -ikawi- and -ikasho-, both used for animate passives, is not clear.\n\nIntransitive verbs can be passivized as well, roughly as in 'there was dancing'. This is sometimes called an \"indefinite actor\" form. \n\nIndefinite actor forms also exist for transitive verbs, as in waapameew 'he sees him', waapiw 'he sees', or namu waapiw 'he is blind'. \n\nThe expression of the oblique agent can take several forms. It may be unmarked or marked with a 'by' phrase, mostly with par 'by', sometimes with ushchi 'from'.\n\nMichif also has an inverse system in which subject and object are marked in special ways, roughly depending on the topic of the discourse. Verbal inflection is different, and the non-topic ('obviative') can get a special marker -(a)wa.\n\nThe passive and inverse seem to interact in subtle ways.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 73, "parameter_pk": 327, "contribution_pk": 73, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Michif", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8cGF0aCBkPSJNMTcuMCwxNy4wIEwxLjAsMTcuMCBBMTYuMCwxNi4wIDAgMCwxIDMzLjAgMTcuMCBMMTcuMCwxNy4wIiBzdHlsZT0iZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGO3N0cm9rZTpub25lOyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJyb3RhdGUoOTAgMTcuMCAxNy4wKSI+PC9wYXRoPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xNy4wLDE3LjAgTDMzLjAsMTcuMCBBMTYuMCwxNi4wIDAgMCwxIDEuMCAxNy4wIEwxNy4wLDE3LjAiIHN0eWxlPSJmaWxsOiNGRjAwMDA7c3Ryb2tlOm5vbmU7IiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InJvdGF0ZSg5MCAxNy4wIDE3LjApIj48L3BhdGg+PGNpcmNsZSBjeD0iMTcuMCIgY3k9IjE3LjAiIHI9IjE2LjAiIHN0eWxlPSJzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7IGZpbGw6bm9uZTsiLz4KPC9zdmc+", "language": {"pk": 73, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 72, "jsondata": {}, "id": "75", "name": "Michif", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.833332, "longitude": -99.800003}, "name": "Michif"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-99.800003, 48.833332]}, "id": "75"}]}