{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "Predicative noun phrases", "domain": [{"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "73-1", "name": "Invariant copula"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "73-2", "name": "No copula"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula"}]}, "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "7-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 1738, "valueset_pk": 1567, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 1567, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "7-73", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 67, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 67, "source": null}}], "label": "Vincentian Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 67, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 66, "jsondata": {}, "id": "7", "name": "Vincentian Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 13.133333, "longitude": -61.216667}, "name": "Vincentian Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-61.216667, 13.133333]}, "id": "7"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "13-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 3378, "valueset_pk": 3082, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 3082, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "13-73", "description": "The frequency distributions of third person singular variants before noun phrases in the Gullah data reported in Weldon (2003: 182) is 40/55 (73%) with a copula and 15/55 (27%) without a copula.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 5, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 5, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Gullah", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 5, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 5, "jsondata": {}, "id": "13", "name": "Gullah", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 31.0, "longitude": -81.5}, "name": "Gullah"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-81.5, 31.0]}, "id": "13"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "20-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 5305, "valueset_pk": 4842, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4842, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "20-73", "description": "Belong is used as a copula only in a subset of copular constructions where it corresponds to the verb suhky\u00f9 in Cantonese, meaning 'belong to a certain category'.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 13, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 13, "source": null}}], "label": "Chinese Pidgin English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 13, "region": "East Asia", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 13, "jsondata": {}, "id": "20", "name": "Chinese Pidgin English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 23.079733, "longitude": 113.334961}, "name": "Chinese Pidgin English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [113.334961, 23.079733]}, "id": "20"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "23-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6108, "valueset_pk": 5582, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5582, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "23-73", "description": "Se copulas were not recorded at all in Santo/Malo in Meyerhoff's (1994\u20131995) fieldwork. I heard it several times in Vila in 1998, 2003. It may be regionalized or may have originated in Vila. I am not at all sure how widely se is accepted as predicate copula, so more research on this emergent construction would be valuable. \n\nCrowley (1989) suggests the se copula originated by analogy with French c\u2019est. If this is true, and if the functions of French c'est have influenced its grammaticalization in Bislama, se may first emerge in Bislama in predications that seem somehow 'topicalized'. If it comes from c'est, it may also be preferred by speakers with French education, but this is unknown. It may be preferred as an identificational copula but this is also uncertain.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 16, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 16, "source": null}}], "label": "Bislama", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 16, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 15, "jsondata": {}, "id": "23", "name": "Bislama", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -16.0, "longitude": 168.0}, "name": "Bislama"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [168.0, -16.0]}, "id": "23"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "53-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 14226, "valueset_pk": 13083, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 13083, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "53-73", "description": "Se is not obligatory if the sentence is negative.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 49, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 49, "source": null}}], "label": "Louisiana Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 49, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 48, "jsondata": {}, "id": "53", "name": "Louisiana Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 30.166668, "longitude": -91.833336}, "name": "Louisiana Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-91.833336, 30.166668]}, "id": "53"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "1-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 96, "valueset_pk": 73, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 73, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "1-73", "description": "There are three possibilities:\n- copula da (< English that); this cannot be preceded by a negator, TAM marker or auxiliary; it is also clause-introducing [it.be], with pronominal as well as copular functions, in accord with its pronominal origin;\n- copula de (< English there);\n- no copula.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 1, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 1, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Early Sranan", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 1, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 1, "jsondata": {}, "id": "1", "name": "Early Sranan", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.833333, "longitude": -55.6}, "name": "Early Sranan"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-55.6, 5.833333]}, "id": "1"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "5-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 1192, "valueset_pk": 1068, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 1068, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "5-73", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 45, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 45, "source": null}}], "label": "Creolese", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 45, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 44, "jsondata": {}, "id": "5", "name": "Creolese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 6.8, "longitude": -58.166668}, "name": "Creolese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-58.166668, 6.8]}, "id": "5"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "12-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 3097, "valueset_pk": 2828, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2828, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "12-73", "description": "As in the case of adjective and locative phrases, the occurrence of the copula in front of predicative noun phrases is variable in Bahamian Creole English. The form is usually is, regardless of person and number, even though am and are occur as well. All three forms are usually contracted. Of the three following grammatical environments adjective phrase, locative phrase, and noun phrase, copula absence is rarest with noun phrases (cf. Shilling 1978: 29, 31). Thus, according to Shilling (1978: 47), \"one of the copula environments, that before +NP complement, has surface copula in non-past positive contexts in the vast majority of cases.\" Interestingly, am appears to be absent more frequently than is (cf. Reaser & Torbert 2004: 393).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 4, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 4, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Bahamian Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 4, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 4, "jsondata": {}, "id": "12", "name": "Bahamian Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 25.053879, "longitude": -77.33963}, "name": "Bahamian Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-77.33963, 25.053879]}, "id": "12"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "14-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 3646, "valueset_pk": 3334, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 3334, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "14-73", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 6, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 6, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "African American English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 6, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 6, "jsondata": {}, "id": "14", "name": "African American English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 37.282795, "longitude": -85.12207}, "name": "African American English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-85.12207, 37.282795]}, "id": "14"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "21-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 5559, "valueset_pk": 5078, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5078, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "21-73", "description": "Variation is not systematic.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 14, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 14, "source": null}}], "label": "Singlish", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 14, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "21", "name": "Singlish", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 1.33, "longitude": 101.7}, "name": "Singlish"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [101.7, 1.33]}, "id": "21"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "27-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7168, "valueset_pk": 6569, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 6569, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "27-73", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 20, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 20, "source": null}}], "label": "Negerhollands", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 20, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Dutch", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 19, "jsondata": {}, "id": "27", "name": "Negerhollands", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 18.333332, "longitude": -64.75}, "name": "Negerhollands"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-64.75, 18.333332]}, "id": "27"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "36-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9664, "valueset_pk": 8850, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8850, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "36-73", "description": "In most cases, the construction without copula is used.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 30, "source": null}}], "label": "Angolar", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 30, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 29, "jsondata": {}, "id": "36", "name": "Angolar", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.134582, "longitude": 6.48}, "name": "Angolar"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.48, 0.134582]}, "id": "36"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "37-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9944, "valueset_pk": 9107, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9107, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "37-73", "description": "With predicative noun phrases, the copula sa 'to be' is excluded from most contexts. In some contexts, e.g. in relative clauses (and hence in focus constructions) or in complement clauses headed by pa, the presence of the copula is obligatory.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 31, "source": null}}], "label": "Principense", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 31, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 30, "jsondata": {}, "id": "37", "name": "Principense", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 1.616667, "longitude": 7.366667}, "name": "Principense"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [7.366667, 1.616667]}, "id": "37"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "38-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10212, "valueset_pk": 9356, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9356, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "38-73", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 32, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 32, "source": "Own fieldwork"}}], "label": "Fa d\u2019Amb\u00f4", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 32, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 31, "jsondata": {}, "id": "38", "name": "Fa d\u2019Amb\u00f4", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.433333, "longitude": 5.633333}, "name": "Fa d\u2019Amb\u00f4"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [5.633333, -1.433333]}, "id": "38"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "43-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11535, "valueset_pk": 10591, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10591, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "43-73", "description": "In Batavia, the absence of copula with predicative noun phrases is rare.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 38, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 38, "source": null}}], "label": "Batavia Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 38, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 37, "jsondata": {}, "id": "43", "name": "Batavia Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -6.716667, "longitude": 107.183334}, "name": "Batavia Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [107.183334, -6.716667]}, "id": "43"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "59-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 15845, "valueset_pk": 14599, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14599, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "59-73", "description": "The absence of the copula is undoubtedly a vestige of Ngbandi, the source and adjunct language (because the way they speak Sango influences the way others do), which does not have a copula. On the origin of yeke see Samarin (1986).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 55, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 55, "source": null}}], "label": "Sango", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 55, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 54, "jsondata": {}, "id": "59", "name": "Sango", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.0, "longitude": 18.0}, "name": "Sango"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.0, 5.0]}, "id": "59"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "60-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16121, "valueset_pk": 14850, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14850, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "60-73", "description": "Omission of the copula is only possible in the present.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 57, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 57, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Lingala", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 57, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Bantu", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 56, "jsondata": {}, "id": "60", "name": "Lingala", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.675176, "longitude": 16.671753}, "name": "Lingala"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.671753, -1.675176]}, "id": "60"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "63-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16911, "valueset_pk": 15602, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15602, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "63-73", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 60, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 60, "source": null}}], "label": "Kinubi", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 60, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Arabic", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 59, "jsondata": {}, "id": "63", "name": "Kinubi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.666667, "longitude": 32.083332}, "name": "Kinubi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [32.083332, 0.666667]}, "id": "63"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "72-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19240, "valueset_pk": 17795, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17795, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "72-73", "description": "Predicative noun phrases \nconsist of a subject noun and nominalized adjective with an intervening coreferential \npronoun. The coreferential pronoun is neither obligatory in predicative noun phrases nor in verb phrases.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 70, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 70, "source": null}}], "label": "Gurindji Kriol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 70, "region": "Australia", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 69, "jsondata": {}, "id": "72", "name": "Gurindji Kriol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -17.450001, "longitude": 130.983337}, "name": "Gurindji Kriol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [130.983337, -17.450001]}, "id": "72"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "73-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19498, "valueset_pk": 18042, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18042, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "73-73", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 71, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 71, "source": null}}], "label": "Media Lengua", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 71, "region": "South America", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 70, "jsondata": {}, "id": "73", "name": "Media Lengua", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.816667, "longitude": -78.199997}, "name": "Media Lengua"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-78.199997, -1.816667]}, "id": "73"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "75-73-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 20047, "valueset_pk": 18545, "domainelement_pk": 1270, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1270, "jsondata": {"color": "FFB6C1"}, "id": "73-3", "name": "Variable copula", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 308, "number": 3, "abbr": "Variable copula"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18545, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFB6C1.png", "wals_value_number": 2, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "75-73", "description": "There are several possibilities for nonverbal predication.\n\nFrench nouns can be preceded by ili (neutral for gender and number), from French il est, or sitaen from French C'est un/une (only singular).\n\nCree and French nouns can be followed by -iwi-, which is the marker for nonverbal predication, and after which person inflection follows.\n\nIn addition there is a marker -ishi- which follows a nominal element that cannot be used as a full noun.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 73, "parameter_pk": 308, "contribution_pk": 73, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Michif", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZCNkMxOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 73, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 72, "jsondata": {}, "id": "75", "name": "Michif", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.833332, "longitude": -99.800003}, "name": "Michif"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-99.800003, 48.833332]}, "id": "75"}]}