{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "Present reference of stative verbs and past perfective reference of dynamic verbs", "domain": [{"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "51-3", "name": "Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are both unmarked"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkY3RjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "51-6", "name": "Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked with the same overt marker"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "51-1", "name": "Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked differently"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "51-8", "name": "The language has no or only one TAM marker"}]}, "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "48-51-6", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 12821, "valueset_pk": 11782, "domainelement_pk": 1170, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1170, "jsondata": {"color": "FF7F00"}, "id": "51-6", "name": "Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked with the same overt marker", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 284, "number": 2, "abbr": "Stative and dynamic verbs marked the same way"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11782, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF7F00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "48-51", "description": "Statives with non-past reference are expressed in two ways: (a) with the bare verb stem ( __ + V), or (b) with a + the bare verb stem (a + V). \n\nPati\u00f1o Rosselli (1983: 123) believes that the preverbal particle a in a + V is devoid of any semantic function, and that constructions (a) and (b) are, therefore, in free alternation (cf. [4] to [6] in Schwegler & Green 2007, where pol\u00e9 and a pol\u00e9 appear to have identical meanings). To date, no plausible alternative explanation has been offered, but the suspicion persists that this a does hold a hitherto unidentified function (see also Mo\u00f1ino (1999)).\n\nNote, however, that Maurer (1987) showed that the free alternation between zero-marked verbs and verbs marked by a holds also with dynamic verbs referring to a past perfective situation. Maurer also points to the fact that in Bantu languages, stative verbs referring to present events cannot be marked by present tense, but must be marked by the perfect marker (see also Lingala and Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu in this database). This could explain why stative verbs referring to present situations and dynamic verbs referring to past perfective situations are both marked with a in Palenquero, although optionally.\n\nClearly, additional research is required before we can have a well-grounded understanding of stative vs. dynamic verbs in Palenquero.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 43, "parameter_pk": 284, "contribution_pk": 43, "source": null}}], "label": "Palenquero", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkY3RjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 43, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 42, "jsondata": {}, "id": "48", "name": "Palenquero", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 10.10318, "longitude": -75.198807}, "name": "Palenquero"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-75.198807, 10.10318]}, "id": "48"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "62-51-6", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16624, "valueset_pk": 15329, "domainelement_pk": 1170, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Unspecified", "domainelement": {"pk": 1170, "jsondata": {"color": "FF7F00"}, "id": "51-6", "name": "Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked with the same overt marker", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 284, "number": 2, "abbr": "Stative and dynamic verbs marked the same way"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15329, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF7F00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "62-51", "description": "There are a number of verbs (quality verbs, mental states) for which the form with the Perfect or Past has stative (present) meaning. In this sense there is a distinction between stative and dynamic verbs. \"Stative\" verbs of quality and of mental state have a different interpretation of the past and perfect tenses.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 59, "parameter_pk": 284, "contribution_pk": 59, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkY3RjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 59, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 58, "jsondata": {}, "id": "62", "name": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -4.533333, "longitude": 38.366669}, "name": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [38.366669, -4.533333]}, "id": "62"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "60-51-6", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16095, "valueset_pk": 14828, "domainelement_pk": 1170, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1170, "jsondata": {"color": "FF7F00"}, "id": "51-6", "name": "Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked with the same overt marker", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 284, "number": 2, "abbr": "Stative and dynamic verbs marked the same way"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14828, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF7F00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "60-51", "description": "As explained and exemplified in the survey article, there is an unmarked verb form. This form indicates unconditional future, both for stative and for dynamic verbs.\n\nAs explained in Meeuwis (1998: 28) and more fully in Brisard & Meeuwis (2009), -\u00ed can be used on both stative and dynamic verbs (a distinction to be made on language-specific criteria). On a stative verb it denotes a present state or marks structural, general-validity statements. On a dynamic verb it denotes perfect: the action is carried out in the past and has led to a resulting situation in the present. Important to note is that, in the case of dynamic verbs, the past action is backgrounded and the present situation foregrounded, not the other way around (see Brisard & Meeuwis 2009). Therefore, what -\u00ed shares on stative and dynamic verbs, is a notion of the presentness. In order to have one gloss for the same marker throughout, I have chosen always to always gloss -\u00ed as PRS.PRF.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 57, "parameter_pk": 284, "contribution_pk": 57, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Lingala", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkY3RjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 57, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Bantu", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 56, "jsondata": {}, "id": "60", "name": "Lingala", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.675176, "longitude": 16.671753}, "name": "Lingala"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.671753, -1.675176]}, "id": "60"}]}