{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "Negation and tense, aspect, and mood marking", "domain": [{"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "50-1", "name": "Same TAM marking in negated clauses"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "50-2", "name": "Reduced TAM marking in negated clauses"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkY3RjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "50-4", "name": "Reduced and different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "50-6", "name": "No TAM marker"}]}, "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "43-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11518, "valueset_pk": 10574, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10574, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "43-50", "description": "Since Batavia Creole is an extinct language, it is impossible to establish whether the imperfective and the perfective aspect markers (sta/ste and dja) may occur in negated sentences or not, although in the corpus no combinations of the negator with the two aspect markers occur.\nIn Papi\u00e1 Kristang, a language closely related to Batavia Creole, there are two different markers for future and the negator may not co-occur with the perfective and imperfective aspect marker, so maybe Batavia Creole had value 4 instead of value 3.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 38, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 38, "source": null}}], "label": "Batavia Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 38, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 37, "jsondata": {}, "id": "43", "name": "Batavia Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -6.716667, "longitude": 107.183334}, "name": "Batavia Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [107.183334, -6.716667]}, "id": "43"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "9-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 2262, "valueset_pk": 2049, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2049, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "9-50", "description": "Belizean Creole has two negative particles: no (Examples 94) and neva (Examples 95 and 96). \nExample 94 shows that no occurs in simple past, or tenseless negative sentences.\nThe particle neva is the negative counterpart of the anterior/ perfective particle me, thus neva does not co-occur with me.Example 95 illustrates the affirmative-negative contrast. It is not clear to me whether this is a case of 'reduction' or substitution, since there are two negative particles, used in complementary contexts.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 76, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 76, "source": null}}], "label": "Belizean Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 76, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 75, "jsondata": {}, "id": "9", "name": "Belizean Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 17.533333, "longitude": -88.25}, "name": "Belizean Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-88.25, 17.533333]}, "id": "9"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "10-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 2537, "valueset_pk": 2301, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2301, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "10-50", "description": "The past negator neva conflates the categories PST and NEG. As a result, it does not cooccur with wehn which ist ANT. It probably cannot cooccur with the completive marker don, either. At least no such examples occur in my data.\nI have decided to call neva a PST, not ANT, negator, because this indeed seems the meaning (see Example 112).\nIn an appropriate context, no can likewise be used to negate past actions, usually with an aspectual value of relevance for the present (a perfective reading; see Example 113).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 2, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 2, "source": null}}], "label": "San Andres Creole English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 2, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "10", "name": "San Andres Creole English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 13.35, "longitude": -81.366669}, "name": "San Andres Creole English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-81.366669, 13.35]}, "id": "10"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "16-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4148, "valueset_pk": 3810, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 3810, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "16-50", "description": "Ghanaian Pidgin English TAM markers are the same in sentences of positive and negative polarity, except for past perfective n\u03b5va, which contrasts with zero in positive sentences.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 8, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 8, "source": null}}], "label": "Ghanaian Pidgin English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 8, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 8, "jsondata": {}, "id": "16", "name": "Ghanaian Pidgin English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.558582, "longitude": -0.20874}, "name": "Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-0.20874, 5.558582]}, "id": "16"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "17-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4436, "valueset_pk": 4066, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4066, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "17-50", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 9, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 9, "source": null}}], "label": "Nigerian Pidgin", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 9, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 9, "jsondata": {}, "id": "17", "name": "Nigerian Pidgin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 6.358975, "longitude": 5.564575}, "name": "Nigerian Pidgin"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [5.564575, 6.358975]}, "id": "17"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "18-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4728, "valueset_pk": 4318, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4318, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "18-50", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 10, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 10, "source": null}}], "label": "Cameroon Pidgin English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 10, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 10, "jsondata": {}, "id": "18", "name": "Cameroon Pidgin English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 3.383333, "longitude": 9.966667}, "name": "Cameroon Pidgin English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [9.966667, 3.383333]}, "id": "18"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "19-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 5004, "valueset_pk": 4569, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4569, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "19-50", "description": "The expression of perfect tense/aspect is asymmetrical. Affirmative and negative perfect are expressed by different forms.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 11, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 11, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Pichi", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 11, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 11, "jsondata": {}, "id": "19", "name": "Pichi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 3.754634, "longitude": 8.779449}, "name": "Pichi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [8.779449, 3.754634]}, "id": "19"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "26-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6880, "valueset_pk": 6300, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 6300, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "26-50", "description": "Negative clauses behave in the same way as affirmative clauses in all instances except for the past tense, for which there is a specific negative past marker n\u025bva, which does not carry any aspectual meaning (i.e. it is not a perfective marker). It only combines with the base form of the verb; in my database of more than 400,000 words (written and spoken Hawai'i Creole) neither no nor n\u025bva combines with either w\u025bn (PST.PFV) or the inflected past (Velupillai 2003: 54f, 79f). Thus the aspectual dichotomy IPFV versus PFV found in past affirmative clauses is cancelled out in past negative clauses.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 19, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 19, "source": "Own fieldwork recording"}}], "label": "Hawai\u2018i Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 19, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 18, "jsondata": {}, "id": "26", "name": "Hawai\u2018i Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 21.5, "longitude": -158.0}, "name": "Hawai\u2018i Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-158.0, 21.5]}, "id": "26"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "40-50-3", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10718, "valueset_pk": 9830, "domainelement_pk": 1165, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 1165, "jsondata": {"color": "FF0000"}, "id": "50-3", "name": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 283, "number": 3, "abbr": "Different TAM marking in negated clauses"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9830, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FF0000.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "40-50", "description": "The following replacements, reductions, and insertions occur in Korlai:\n\n1 affirmative: katan [PRS.PROG]; negative: nu t\u025b katan\n2 affirmative: t\u0259 kata [PRS.HAB];\tnegative: nu t\u025b kata (t\u025b replaces t\u0259)\n3 affirmative: t\u025bd kata [PRS.PROX.FUT]; negative: nu t\u025b kata (t\u025bd reduces to t\u025b)\n4 affirmative: katad [PRS.PRF]; negative: nu t\u025b katad (t\u025b is inserted)\n5 affirmative: kata! [IMP]; negative: nu kata!\n6 affirmative: kato [PST]; negative: nu kato\n7 affirmative: ti kata [PST.HAB]; negative: nu ti kata\n8 affirmative: ti katan [PST.PROG]; negative: nu ti katan\n9 affirmative: ti katad [PST.PFV]; \tnu ti katad\n10 affirmative: tid kat [PST.PROX.FUT]; negative: nu ti katad (tid reduces to ti)\n11 affirmative: l\u0259 kat [FUT]; negative: nu pa(d) kata (pad replaces l\u0259, and is often reduced to pa)\n12 affirmative: ter kat [COND]; negative: nu pri kata (pri replaces ter)\n13 affirmative: ay/ater kata [COND]; negative: nu ater katad\n14 affirmative: ma\u0161i kata [DEONTIC(i.e. 'should/must')]; negative: ma\u0161i nu kata", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 35, "parameter_pk": 283, "contribution_pk": 35, "source": null}}], "label": "Korlai", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 35, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 34, "jsondata": {}, "id": "40", "name": "Korlai", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 18.516666, "longitude": 72.900002}, "name": "Korlai"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.900002, 18.516666]}, "id": "40"}]}