{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "Definite articles", "domain": [{"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "28-1", "name": "Definite article distinct from demonstratives"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "28-2", "name": "Definite article identical to a demonstrative"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "28-5", "name": "Neither definite nor indefinite article"}]}, "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "48-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 12795, "valueset_pk": 11760, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11760, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "48-28", "description": "Palenquero has no definite articles in the singular (contrary to Spanish); scholars (e.g. Pati\u00f1o Rosselli) had generally argued that the creole does have a definite plural marker, i.e. ma \u2014 Kikongo-derived ma (Pluralia tantum). Note, however, that this definite plural marker ma is never obligatory, and therefore never predictable, and may (upon closer analysis) not signal \u00b1definite. At the same time, it is true that when ma is present, the noun is always marked for plurality (but not necessarily for definiteness), as shown in Example 14 un ma kusa 'some things', or ma ngombe 'cattle (in general)', often spelt mangonmbe because it is perceived as a single indefinite (group) entitiy. Schwegler (2007) examines this and related issues in detail. \nWhile the role of ma has been studied to considerable extent, the same is not true of ese 'this', a demonstrative (derived from Spanish ese 'that (one)', which often seems to have article-like functions (implying definiteness), as in ese ma mona lo ke ta a\u00ed 'that/the boy that is over there'. The precise role(s) or function(s) of ese deserve closer study. To date, no published information on its use is available.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 43, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 43, "source": null}}], "label": "Palenquero", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 43, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 42, "jsondata": {}, "id": "48", "name": "Palenquero", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 10.10318, "longitude": -75.198807}, "name": "Palenquero"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-75.198807, 10.10318]}, "id": "48"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "22-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 5781, "valueset_pk": 5285, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5285, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "22-28", "description": "Sankoff & Mazzie (1991) investigate the extent to which prenominal wanpela 'one' and dispela 'this' have become grammaticalized as articles. While they find little evidence, Smith (2002: 149\u2013150) demonstrates phonological reduction of dispela in his corpus which may indicate grammaticalization is occurring. He also points out (p.148) that the use of postnominal ia (or ya) is becoming obligatory to mark known human referents, at least in his data.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 15, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 15, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Tok Pisin", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 15, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 14, "jsondata": {}, "id": "22", "name": "Tok Pisin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -9.5, "longitude": 147.166672}, "name": "Tok Pisin"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [147.166672, -9.5]}, "id": "22"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "23-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6055, "valueset_pk": 5537, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5537, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "23-28", "description": "N + ia cannot be used in associative contexts as described in the examples for this feature.\n\nAs Examples 56, 57 and 58 show, N + ia can refer to a definite/specific NP or be used as a demonstrative with accompanying demonstration.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 16, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 16, "source": null}}], "label": "Bislama", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 16, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 15, "jsondata": {}, "id": "23", "name": "Bislama", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -16.0, "longitude": 168.0}, "name": "Bislama"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [168.0, -16.0]}, "id": "23"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "57-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 15281, "valueset_pk": 14055, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14055, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "57-28", "description": "The construction with -la has a function in between that of a demonstrative and that of a definite article, but it does not correspond to the APiCS definition of a definite article.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 53, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 53, "source": "own knowledge Ehrhart"}}], "label": "Tayo", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 53, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 52, "jsondata": {}, "id": "57", "name": "Tayo", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -22.0, "longitude": 166.333328}, "name": "Tayo"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [166.333328, -22.0]}, "id": "57"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "34-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9043, "valueset_pk": 8284, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8284, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "34-28", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 28, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 28, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Casamancese Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 28, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 27, "jsondata": {}, "id": "34", "name": "Casamancese Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.7, "longitude": -16.274}, "name": "Casamancese Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-16.274, 12.7]}, "id": "34"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "36-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9614, "valueset_pk": 8806, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8806, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "36-28", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 30, "source": null}}], "label": "Angolar", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 30, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 29, "jsondata": {}, "id": "36", "name": "Angolar", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.134582, "longitude": 6.48}, "name": "Angolar"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.48, 0.134582]}, "id": "36"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "37-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9891, "valueset_pk": 9062, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9062, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "37-28", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 31, "source": null}}], "label": "Principense", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 31, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 30, "jsondata": {}, "id": "37", "name": "Principense", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 1.616667, "longitude": 7.366667}, "name": "Principense"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [7.366667, 1.616667]}, "id": "37"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "40-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10693, "valueset_pk": 9808, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9808, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "40-28", "description": "The indefinite marker is the numeral u\u0342 \u2018one\u2019.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 35, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 35, "source": "Unpublished story"}}], "label": "Korlai", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 35, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 34, "jsondata": {}, "id": "40", "name": "Korlai", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 18.516666, "longitude": 72.900002}, "name": "Korlai"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.900002, 18.516666]}, "id": "40"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "66-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 17653, "valueset_pk": 16297, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16297, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "66-28", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 63, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 63, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Sri Lankan Malay", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 63, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Malay", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 62, "jsondata": {}, "id": "66", "name": "Sri Lankan Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 7.0, "longitude": 81.25}, "name": "Sri Lankan Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.25, 7.0]}, "id": "66"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "73-28-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19456, "valueset_pk": 18000, "domainelement_pk": 819, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 819, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "28-4", "name": "No definite article, but indefinite article", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 202, "number": 3, "abbr": "No definite article, but indefinite article"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18000, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "wals_value_number": 4, "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "73-28", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 71, "parameter_pk": 202, "contribution_pk": 71, "source": null}}], "label": "Media Lengua", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 71, "region": "South America", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 70, "jsondata": {}, "id": "73", "name": "Media Lengua", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.816667, "longitude": -78.199997}, "name": "Media Lengua"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-78.199997, -1.816667]}, "id": "73"}]}