{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "Functions of reduplication", "domain": [{"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "26-1", "name": "No reduplication"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions"}, {"icon": 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"Word-class-changing function", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 4, "abbr": "Word-class changing function"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11505, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "47-26", "description": "Dijkhoff (1993: 93\u201396) provides an overview of reduplication in Papiamentu. Productive reduplication is largely restricted to adjectives and adverbs, expressing intensification. In addition, plural reduplication of nouns is attested (see Feature 23 \"Expression of nominal plural meaning\"); perhaps more frequently, noun reduplication occurs with denominal adverbial or adjectival functions.\nAlso, Dijkhoff provides two examples of iterative verb reduplication. Finally, there's a small number of reduplicated lexicalized deadjectival, deverbal, and denominal nouns.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 42, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 42, "source": null}}], "label": "Papiamentu", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 42, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 41, "jsondata": {}, "id": "47", "name": "Papiamentu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.25, "longitude": -69.0}, "name": "Papiamentu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-69.0, 12.25]}, "id": "47"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "64-26-6", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 17130, "valueset_pk": 15808, "domainelement_pk": 733, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 733, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "26-6", "name": "Word-class-changing function", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 4, "abbr": "Word-class changing function"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15808, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "64-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 61, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 61, "source": null}}], "label": "Juba Arabic", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 61, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Arabic", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 60, "jsondata": {}, "id": "64", "name": "Juba Arabic", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 4.266667, "longitude": 31.016666}, "name": "Juba Arabic"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [31.016666, 4.266667]}, "id": "64"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "67-26-6", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 17914, "valueset_pk": 16546, "domainelement_pk": 733, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 733, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "26-6", "name": "Word-class-changing function", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 4, "abbr": "Word-class changing function"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16546, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "67-26", "description": "Reduplication in Bazaar Malay serves several functions:\n(1) iconic function (plurality and distributivity) where the resulting word expresses indefinite plurality as in the case of budak-budak [child~PL] 'children/boys' and in some cases diversity as in bunga-bunga [flower~PL] 'various kinds of flowers'.\n(2) Reduplication also produces indefinite pronouns by reduplicating question words as in apa-apa [what~PL] 'whatever/anything'.\n(3) Word-class changing\nreduplication can derive new words which belong to a different word class, for example (a) from noun to adverb as in pagi-pagi 'every morning' as derived from pagi 'morning' (b) from adjective to adverb as in plan-pla 'slowly' from plan 'slow'. \n(4) Reduplication of verbs adds durative or iterative aspect to the meaning of the verb (see Khin Khin Aye 2005: 101)\n(4) Reduplication of adjective or adverbs (if not class changing) intensifies the adjectival or adverbial meaning as in Examples 64 and 65.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 64, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 64, "source": null}}], "label": "Singapore Bazaar Malay", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 64, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Malay", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 63, "jsondata": {}, "id": "67", "name": "Singapore Bazaar Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 1.329226, "longitude": 104.9}, "name": "Singapore Bazaar Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [104.9, 1.329226]}, "id": "67"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "68-26-6", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18182, "valueset_pk": 16797, "domainelement_pk": 733, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 733, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "26-6", "name": "Word-class-changing function", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 4, "abbr": "Word-class changing function"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16797, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "68-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 65, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 65, "source": null}}], "label": "Ambon Malay", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 65, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Malay", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 64, "jsondata": {}, "id": "68", "name": "Ambon Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -3.7, "longitude": 128.149994}, "name": "Ambon Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [128.149994, -3.7]}, "id": "68"}]}