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Reduplication of nouns and adjectives in a noun phrase expressed plurality of referents. Reduplication of predicative adjectives expresses plurality or distributivity of the subject referent. All of these are iconic functions.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 18, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 18, "source": "Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt"}}], "label": "Kriol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 18, "region": "Australia", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 17, "jsondata": {}, "id": "25", "name": "Kriol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -14.833333, "longitude": 135.0}, "name": "Kriol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [135.0, -14.833333]}, "id": "25"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "31-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 8223, "valueset_pk": 7523, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 7523, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "31-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 25, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 25, "source": null}}], "label": "Cape Verdean Creole of Brava", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 25, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 24, "jsondata": {}, "id": "31", "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Brava", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 14.833333, "longitude": -24.8}, "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Brava"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-24.8, 14.833333]}, "id": "31"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "39-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10425, "valueset_pk": 9559, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9559, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "39-26", "description": "Reduplication as pluralization is optional and rather marginal in Diu Indo-Portuguese. The fact that its use is circumscribed to older speakers, as well as the corpus compiled for Schuchardt (1883), make it clear that reduplication was in the past a recurrent pluralization strategy.\nThe intensifying function of reduplication is considerably more common. Reduplication also has distributive meaning in modern Diu Indo-Portuguese.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 33, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 33, "source": null}}], "label": "Diu Indo-Portuguese", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 33, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 32, "jsondata": {}, "id": "39", "name": "Diu Indo-Portuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 20.713087, "longitude": 70.984726}, "name": "Diu Indo-Portuguese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.984726, 20.713087]}, "id": "39"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "45-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11985, "valueset_pk": 11008, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11008, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "45-26", "description": "Reduplication is also used in forming imitations as in bahay-bahayan 'play house', tienda-tienda 'play shop', which could be interpreted as a kind of attenuating function.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 40, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 40, "source": "Enrique Escalante, p.c."}}], "label": "Cavite Chabacano", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 40, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 39, "jsondata": {}, "id": "45", "name": "Cavite Chabacano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 14.7, "longitude": 120.9}, "name": "Cavite Chabacano"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [120.9, 14.7]}, "id": "45"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "53-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 14170, "valueset_pk": 13036, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 13036, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "53-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 49, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 49, "source": null}}], "label": "Louisiana Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 49, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 48, "jsondata": {}, "id": "53", "name": "Louisiana Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 30.166668, "longitude": -91.833336}, "name": 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"data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 59, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 58, "jsondata": {}, "id": "62", "name": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -4.533333, "longitude": 38.366669}, "name": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [38.366669, -4.533333]}, "id": "62"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "63-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16860, "valueset_pk": 15557, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15557, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "63-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 60, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 60, "source": null}}], "label": "Kinubi", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 60, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Arabic", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 59, "jsondata": {}, "id": "63", "name": "Kinubi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.666667, "longitude": 32.083332}, "name": "Kinubi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [32.083332, 0.666667]}, "id": "63"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "71-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18912, "valueset_pk": 17499, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17499, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "71-26", "description": "Reduplication was not productive in stable Pidgin Hawaiian (in texts dating after 1880), but it was a productive process in the original contact setting that produced pidgin innovations, and it is this process that is represented here. Reduplication is also very common in the lexifier, but it has long ceased to be productive word formation process. In the Examples 50 and 51, nuinui is the intensive of nui in a similar way that nui loa is an intensive. Another example is moe 'rest' and moemoe 'sleep'. In other examples, there is no significant change of meaning or function.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 69, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 69, "source": null}}], "label": "Pidgin Hawaiian", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 69, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 68, "jsondata": {}, "id": "71", "name": "Pidgin Hawaiian", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 19.8, "longitude": -156.85}, "name": "Pidgin Hawaiian"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-156.85, 19.8]}, "id": "71"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "30-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7949, "valueset_pk": 7271, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 7271, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "30-26", "description": "In some cases where there is no simplex, the motivation for reduplications remains opaque (cf. Example 54. In other cases where there is no simplex, the object referred to consists of several items of the same kind mostly showing at the same time (cf. Example 55). In those cases where there is also a simplex, reduplication is iconic with one of the usual meanings  (iteration, plurality, distributivity, intensity).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 24, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 24, "source": null}}], "label": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 24, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 23, "jsondata": {}, "id": "30", "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 15.083333, "longitude": -22.616667}, "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-22.616667, 15.083333]}, "id": "30"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "43-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11496, "valueset_pk": 10555, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10555, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "43-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 38, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 38, "source": null}}], "label": "Batavia Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 38, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 37, "jsondata": {}, "id": "43", "name": "Batavia Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -6.716667, "longitude": 107.183334}, "name": "Batavia Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [107.183334, -6.716667]}, "id": "43"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "66-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 17651, "valueset_pk": 16295, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Intermediate", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16295, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "66-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 63, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 63, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Sri Lankan Malay", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 63, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Malay", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 62, "jsondata": {}, "id": "66", "name": "Sri Lankan Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 7.0, "longitude": 81.25}, "name": "Sri Lankan Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.25, 7.0]}, "id": "66"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "7-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 1681, "valueset_pk": 1520, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 1520, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "7-26", "description": "Reduplication can be lexical, in which case adjectives and adverbs are intensified by juxtaposed repetition. Verbs can also be intensified by reduplication, but the morpheme an is interposed before the repetition of the verb. Nouns are not usually pluralized by simple reduplication. It is common, however, for lengths of time (months etc.) to be pluralized using the marker s/z and repeated. In this case the coordinator must be present (e.g. monts an monts).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 67, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 67, "source": null}}], "label": "Vincentian Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 67, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 66, "jsondata": {}, "id": "7", "name": "Vincentian Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 13.133333, "longitude": -61.216667}, "name": "Vincentian Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-61.216667, 13.133333]}, "id": "7"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "10-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 2511, "valueset_pk": 2277, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2277, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "10-26", "description": "Emphasis or intensity is the only function assumed by reduplication.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 2, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 2, "source": null}}], "label": "San Andres Creole English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 2, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 2, "jsondata": {}, "id": "10", "name": "San Andres Creole English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 13.35, "longitude": -81.366669}, "name": "San Andres Creole English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-81.366669, 13.35]}, "id": "10"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "11-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 2769, "valueset_pk": 2529, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 2529, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "11-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 3, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 3, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Nicaraguan Creole English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 3, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 3, "jsondata": {}, "id": "11", "name": "Nicaraguan Creole English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.0, "longitude": -83.75}, "name": "Nicaraguan Creole English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-83.75, 12.0]}, "id": "11"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "23-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6053, "valueset_pk": 5535, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5535, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "23-26", "description": "The semantic functions of reduplication are probably best summarized as \u201caugmentative\u201d (more subjects, more iterations of event, greater intensity of attribute, etc.). See Meyerhoff 2003a.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 16, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 16, "source": null}}], "label": "Bislama", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 16, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 15, "jsondata": {}, "id": "23", "name": "Bislama", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -16.0, "longitude": 168.0}, "name": "Bislama"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [168.0, -16.0]}, "id": "23"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "24-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6320, "valueset_pk": 5786, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5786, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "24-26", "description": "Reduplication is found both with words of Tahitian and English origin. It has a very low token frequency.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 17, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 17, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Norf'k", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 17, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 16, "jsondata": {}, "id": "24", "name": "Norf'k", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -29.033209, "longitude": 167.957947}, "name": "Norf'k"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [167.957947, -29.033209]}, "id": "24"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "28-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7377, "valueset_pk": 6768, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 6768, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "28-26", "description": "Iconic reduplication of verbs and adjectives is frequently attested in spontaneous usage and easily elicited. In contrast, iconic noun reduplication is only occasionally attested, and proved marginal also in that elicitation of noun reduplications was invariably rejected by speakers (see Feature 23 \"Expression of nominal plural meaning\"). \nIconic verb reduplication is accompanied by an iterative semantic effect (punctual verbs) and/or a continuative semantic effect (nonpunctual verbs), with various secondary effects such as aimlessness and object distribution. Adjective reduplication has an augmentative or intensifying effect (gradable adjectives) and an emphatic effect (all adjectives). Finally, noun reduplication carries a distributive plural interpretation. \nWord-class changing reduplication is unproductive. There are two forms which involve reduplication of this kind only; both involve the derivation of an instrument noun from verb input. They are: pundipundi 'sugar cane mill' < pundi 'to press, squeeze (juice)' and bainbain 'cover' < bain 'to cover.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 21, "source": null}}], "label": "Berbice Dutch", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 21, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Dutch", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 20, "jsondata": {}, "id": "28", "name": "Berbice Dutch", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.611373, "longitude": -57.870827}, "name": "Berbice Dutch"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-57.870827, 5.611373]}, "id": "28"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "33-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 8773, "valueset_pk": 8029, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8029, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "33-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 27, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 27, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 26, "jsondata": {}, "id": "33", "name": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 11.9, "longitude": -15.0}, "name": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-15.0, 11.9]}, "id": "33"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "34-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9041, "valueset_pk": 8282, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8282, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "34-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 28, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 28, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Casamancese Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 28, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 27, "jsondata": {}, "id": "34", "name": "Casamancese Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.7, "longitude": -16.274}, "name": "Casamancese Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-16.274, 12.7]}, "id": "34"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "35-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9329, "valueset_pk": 8542, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8542, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "35-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 29, "source": null}}], "label": "Santome", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 29, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 28, "jsondata": {}, "id": "35", "name": "Santome", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.33285, "longitude": 6.88}, "name": "Santome"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.88, 0.33285]}, "id": "35"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "37-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9889, "valueset_pk": 9060, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9060, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "37-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 31, "source": null}}], "label": "Principense", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 31, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 30, "jsondata": {}, "id": "37", "name": "Principense", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 1.616667, "longitude": 7.366667}, "name": "Principense"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [7.366667, 1.616667]}, "id": "37"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "38-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10162, "valueset_pk": 9312, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9312, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "38-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 32, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 32, "source": null}}], "label": "Fa d\u2019Amb\u00f4", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 32, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 31, "jsondata": {}, "id": "38", "name": "Fa d\u2019Amb\u00f4", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.433333, "longitude": 5.633333}, "name": "Fa d\u2019Amb\u00f4"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [5.633333, -1.433333]}, "id": "38"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "40-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10691, "valueset_pk": 9806, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9806, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "40-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 35, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 35, "source": null}}], "label": "Korlai", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 35, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 34, "jsondata": {}, "id": "40", "name": "Korlai", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 18.516666, "longitude": 72.900002}, "name": "Korlai"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.900002, 18.516666]}, "id": "40"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "41-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10967, "valueset_pk": 10063, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10063, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "41-26", "description": "Included under the rubric of reduplication are \"echo compounds\", a South Asian areal feature, in which the first part of the reduplicated word is replaced by a stock item. The size of the replaced segment and the form of the stock item vary from language to language. In Sri Lanka Portuguese and Tamil the first syllable onset and vowel are replaced by ki(i). The meaning is 'etc.'", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 36, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Sri Lanka Portuguese", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 36, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 35, "jsondata": {}, "id": "41", "name": "Sri Lanka Portuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 8.5, "longitude": 81.686096}, "name": "Sri Lanka Portuguese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.686096, 8.5]}, "id": "41"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "42-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 11236, "valueset_pk": 10310, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10310, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "42-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 37, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 37, "source": null}}], "label": "Papi\u00e1 Kristang", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 37, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 36, "jsondata": {}, "id": "42", "name": "Papi\u00e1 Kristang", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 2.225545, "longitude": 102.251129}, "name": "Papi\u00e1 Kristang"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [102.251129, 2.225545]}, "id": "42"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "46-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 12255, "valueset_pk": 11259, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11259, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "46-26", "description": "Reduplication only of entire words is quite productive. Unlike in Ternate, I have not found any instance of partial reduplication.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 41, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 41, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Zamboanga Chabacano", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 41, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 40, "jsondata": {}, "id": "46", "name": "Zamboanga Chabacano", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 7.0, "longitude": 122.083336}, "name": "Zamboanga Chabacano"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [122.083336, 7.0]}, "id": "46"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "50-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 13351, "valueset_pk": 12272, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 12272, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "50-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 46, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 46, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Guadeloupean Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 46, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 45, "jsondata": {}, "id": "50", "name": "Guadeloupean Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 15.933333, "longitude": -61.266666}, "name": "Guadeloupean Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-61.266666, 15.933333]}, "id": "50"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "51-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 13633, "valueset_pk": 12528, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 12528, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "51-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 47, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 47, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Martinican Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 47, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 46, "jsondata": {}, "id": "51", "name": "Martinican Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 14.633333, "longitude": -60.983334}, "name": "Martinican Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-60.983334, 14.633333]}, "id": "51"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "58-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 15536, "valueset_pk": 14306, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14306, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "58-26", "description": "Literally, the reduplication here suggests repetition, although polo is not found alone as a word. It's somewhat iconic to me. Example 35 is definitely not an iconic reduplication.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 54, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 54, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Kikongo-Kituba", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 54, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Bantu", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 53, "jsondata": {}, "id": "58", "name": "Kikongo-Kituba", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -4.565474, "longitude": 17.666016}, "name": "Kikongo-Kituba"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [17.666016, -4.565474]}, "id": "58"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "59-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 15792, "valueset_pk": 14552, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14552, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "59-26", "description": "Reduplication seems to occur only on 'qualitative' words: adjectives and adverbs. It most frequently involves the reduplication of the first syllable, but in at least one word, probably an ideophone in origin, the final vowel is reduplicated, among other possible changes.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 55, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 55, "source": null}}], "label": "Sango", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 55, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 54, "jsondata": {}, "id": "59", "name": "Sango", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.0, "longitude": 18.0}, "name": "Sango"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.0, 5.0]}, "id": "59"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "60-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16068, "valueset_pk": 14803, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 14803, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "60-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 57, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 57, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Lingala", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 57, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Bantu", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 56, "jsondata": {}, "id": "60", "name": "Lingala", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.675176, "longitude": 16.671753}, "name": "Lingala"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [16.671753, -1.675176]}, "id": "60"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "70-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18665, "valueset_pk": 17262, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17262, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "70-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 68, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 68, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Pidgin Hindustani", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 68, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 67, "jsondata": {}, "id": "70", "name": "Pidgin Hindustani", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -17.905569, "longitude": 178.088379}, "name": "Pidgin Hindustani"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [178.088379, -17.905569]}, "id": "70"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "72-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19185, "valueset_pk": 17748, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17748, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "72-26", "description": "Reduplication is used to express plurality in nouns and iterative aspect in verbs. The pattern of reduplication varies according to the language of the stem. Gurindji-derived words are only partially reduplicated, and Kriol words show full reduplication of the stem.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 70, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 70, "source": null}}], "label": "Gurindji Kriol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 70, "region": "Australia", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 69, "jsondata": {}, "id": "72", "name": "Gurindji Kriol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -17.450001, "longitude": 130.983337}, "name": "Gurindji Kriol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [130.983337, -17.450001]}, "id": "72"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "73-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19454, "valueset_pk": 17998, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17998, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "73-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 71, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 71, "source": null}}], "label": "Media Lengua", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 71, "region": "South America", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 70, "jsondata": {}, "id": "73", "name": "Media Lengua", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -1.816667, "longitude": -78.199997}, "name": "Media Lengua"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-78.199997, -1.816667]}, "id": "73"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "74-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19702, "valueset_pk": 18242, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18242, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "74-26", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 72, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 72, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Chinuk Wawa", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 72, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 71, "jsondata": {}, "id": "74", "name": "Chinuk Wawa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 53.700001, "longitude": -127.73333}, "name": "Chinuk Wawa"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-127.73333, 53.700001]}, "id": "74"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "75-26-2", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19983, "valueset_pk": 18498, "domainelement_pk": 731, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 731, "jsondata": {"color": "FFFF00"}, "id": "26-2", "name": "Only iconic functions", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 180, "number": 2, "abbr": "Only iconic functions"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18498, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-FFFF00.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "75-26", "description": "There is partial verbal reduplication: Caa(h) for habitual (C = consonant): 'repeatedly'.\n\nIn adverbs: Caa(h) for iconic meanings: 'strongly'.\n\nFor some verbs, reduplicated forms have become the default form: maa-maakwaht- 'chew it' (Cree: m\u00e2kwaht-).\n\nFrench adjectives are sometimes reduplicated: graangraan 'very big'.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 73, "parameter_pk": 180, "contribution_pk": 73, "source": null}}], "label": "Michif", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 73, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 72, "jsondata": {}, "id": "75", "name": "Michif", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.833332, "longitude": -99.800003}, "name": "Michif"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-99.800003, 48.833332]}, "id": "75"}]}