{"type": "FeatureCollection", "properties": {"layer": "", "name": "Politeness distinctions in second-person pronouns", "domain": [{"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRkZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "18-1", "name": "No pronominal politeness distinction"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkZGRjAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "18-2", "name": "Binary pronominal politeness distinction"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojRkYwMDAwOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "18-3", "name": "Multiple pronominal politeness distinction"}, {"icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms"}]}, "features": [{"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "37-18-5", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9881, "valueset_pk": 9052, "domainelement_pk": 372, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 372, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 91, "number": 4, "abbr": "Titles used as second person pronouns"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9052, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "37-18", "description": "The polite form Sun 'Mister, Sir' is sometimes regarded as a pronoun. However, it can be used in a 3rd person context, and it is possible to use any proper noun or title in this function (san 'lady', ar\u00ea 'king', Pedu 'Peter'). Thus, Principense is a language where title nouns and names can be used as second-person forms.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 91, "contribution_pk": 31, "source": null}}], "label": "Principense", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 31, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 30, "jsondata": {}, "id": "37", "name": "Principense", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 1.616667, "longitude": 7.366667}, "name": "Principense"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [7.366667, 1.616667]}, "id": "37"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "39-18-5", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10416, "valueset_pk": 9551, "domainelement_pk": 372, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 372, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 91, "number": 4, "abbr": "Titles used as second person pronouns"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9551, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "39-18", "description": "Just like in Indo-Aryan languages, speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese often resort to titles and kinship terms such as the English loan uncle or Gujarati kaka 'uncle' as a means of avoiding second person pronouns when a polite form of address is required. However, as Example 44 shows, this avoidance strategy is not an absolute requirement. \n\nForms of address such as bai 'girl' or the English loan daddy are primarily used as vocatives (e.g. by children addressing their father, in the case of daddy) but not necessarily as replacement of second person pronouns.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 33, "parameter_pk": 91, "contribution_pk": 33, "source": null}}], "label": "Diu Indo-Portuguese", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 33, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 32, "jsondata": {}, "id": "39", "name": "Diu Indo-Portuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 20.713087, "longitude": 70.984726}, "name": "Diu Indo-Portuguese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [70.984726, 20.713087]}, "id": "39"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "68-18-5", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 18174, "valueset_pk": 16789, "domainelement_pk": 372, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 372, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 91, "number": 4, "abbr": "Titles used as second person pronouns"}, "valueset": {"pk": 16789, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "68-18", "description": "The forms ose and os are markedly unpolite. The form se, however, does not carry this marking, and is used when no outspoken respect needs to be expressed. The forms ale and al express intimacy, and are used among peers or to people of lower status. When respect is called for, pronouns are avoided altogether.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 65, "parameter_pk": 91, "contribution_pk": 65, "source": null}}], "label": "Ambon Malay", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 65, "region": "Southeast Asia", "lexifier": "Malay", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 64, "jsondata": {}, "id": "68", "name": "Ambon Malay", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -3.7, "longitude": 128.149994}, "name": "Ambon Malay"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [128.149994, -3.7]}, "id": "68"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "29-18-5", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7653, "valueset_pk": 7013, "domainelement_pk": 372, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 372, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 91, "number": 4, "abbr": "Titles used as second person pronouns"}, "valueset": {"pk": 7013, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "29-18", "description": "Besides jy (2SG), julle (2PL) and u (2POL), polite spoken Afrikaans also employs the Southeast Asian way of using titles as pronouns. The third person pronoun may also be used for polite address.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 22, "parameter_pk": 91, "contribution_pk": 22, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Afrikaans", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 22, "region": "Southern Africa", "lexifier": "Dutch", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 21, "jsondata": {}, "id": "29", "name": "Afrikaans", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -33.866669, "longitude": 18.6}, "name": "Afrikaans"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [18.6, -33.866669]}, "id": "29"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "35-18-5", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9321, "valueset_pk": 8534, "domainelement_pk": 372, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 372, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 91, "number": 4, "abbr": "Titles used as second person pronouns"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8534, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "35-18", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 91, "contribution_pk": 29, "source": null}}], "label": "Santome", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 29, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 28, "jsondata": {}, "id": "35", "name": "Santome", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.33285, "longitude": 6.88}, "name": "Santome"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.88, 0.33285]}, "id": "35"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "36-18-5", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9604, "valueset_pk": 8796, "domainelement_pk": 372, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 372, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 91, "number": 4, "abbr": "Titles used as second person pronouns"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8796, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "36-18", "description": "Politeness is expressed through the use of names and titles as in Example 21; in some cases, the indefinite pronoun a may also be used, as in Example 22.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 30, "parameter_pk": 91, "contribution_pk": 30, "source": null}}], "label": "Angolar", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 30, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 29, "jsondata": {}, "id": "36", "name": "Angolar", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.134582, "longitude": 6.48}, "name": "Angolar"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.48, 0.134582]}, "id": "36"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "41-18-5", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 10957, "valueset_pk": 10055, "domainelement_pk": 372, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 372, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 91, "number": 4, "abbr": "Titles used as second person pronouns"}, "valueset": {"pk": 10055, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "41-18", "description": "There is a distinction between boos (2SG) and botus (2PL or 2nd person polite).\nIt is also possible to avoid a pronoun and use a noun to refer to the addressee, as in Example 34. This strategy is possible in Tamil and is common in Sinhala, where pronoun choice can be problematic.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 36, "parameter_pk": 91, "contribution_pk": 36, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Sri Lanka Portuguese", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 36, "region": "South Asia", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 35, "jsondata": {}, "id": "41", "name": "Sri Lanka Portuguese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 8.5, "longitude": 81.686096}, "name": "Sri Lanka Portuguese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.686096, 8.5]}, "id": "41"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "47-18-5", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 12507, "valueset_pk": 11497, "domainelement_pk": 372, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 372, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "18-5", "name": "Titles used as second person forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 91, "number": 4, "abbr": "Titles used as second person pronouns"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11497, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "47-18", "description": "The 2nd person pronouns bo and boso can be used for any addressee, without politeness implications. Nonetheless, politeness may be expressed by addressing a person as Sen\u0303or/Sen\u0303ora (as indicated by Goilo 1972: 35), or, more commonly as Shon (literally: 'Mister/Mrs.') \u2013 a form which is not gendered. In the example Shon warda kurpa, the addressee is a young girl, addressed by an old man, showing that Shon is truly a politeness marker. Also, forms such as mai ('mum'), pai ('dad'), and other kinship terms and the addressee's name can be used in place of pronoun bo in addressing the relevant person. Persons in certain professions may be addressed by their professional title, e.g. do\u0300kter 'doctor'.\nI have classified this system as involving avoidance of 2nd person pronouns, but the frequency of this usage has not been investigated, and is probably highly context dependent.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 42, "parameter_pk": 91, "contribution_pk": 42, "source": null}}], "label": "Papiamentu", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 42, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 41, "jsondata": {}, "id": "47", "name": "Papiamentu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.25, "longitude": -69.0}, "name": "Papiamentu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-69.0, 12.25]}, "id": "47"}]}