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In particular, 3SG o (used by all speakers) is not used emphatically, does not appear in dislocated position or in focus, and cannot be conjoined or modified, in contrast with the full form ori, which is not restricted in this manner. Furthermore, the 3SG form a, whose use is idiosyncratically restricted to a single speaker, is used only as non-emphatic subject pronoun.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 21, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 21, "source": null}}], "label": "Berbice Dutch", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 21, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Dutch", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 20, "jsondata": {}, "id": "28", "name": "Berbice Dutch", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.611373, "longitude": -57.870827}, "name": "Berbice Dutch"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-57.870827, 5.611373]}, "id": "28"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "24-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 6311, "valueset_pk": 5778, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Uncertain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 5778, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "24-17", "description": "The distinction is only made with one personal and two possessive pronouns.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 17, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 17, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Norf'k", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 17, "region": "Pacific", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 16, "jsondata": {}, "id": "24", "name": "Norf'k", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -29.033209, "longitude": 167.957947}, "name": "Norf'k"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [167.957947, -29.033209]}, "id": "24"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "52-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 13895, "valueset_pk": 12775, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Uncertain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 12775, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "52-17", "description": "Most personal pronouns do not distinguish between dependent and independent forms, but here is a dependent subject pronoun in the 3SG (i, contrasting with independent pronoun li). If one takes the phonetically more often than not reduced form l (full form li, 3SG object pronoun) as a form in its own right, then we have value 4.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 48, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 48, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Guyanais", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 48, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 47, "jsondata": {}, "id": "52", "name": "Guyanais", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 3.922142, "longitude": -51.792297}, "name": "Guyanais"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-51.792297, 3.922142]}, "id": "52"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "5-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 1121, "valueset_pk": 1012, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 1012, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "5-17", "description": "Monosyllabic pronouns produce differentiation between independent and dependent personal pronouns. The independent monosyllabic ones have prominent prosody, and usually in addition either a long vowel or an /h/ in the onset to differentiate them from the dependent ones.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 45, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 45, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Creolese", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 45, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 44, "jsondata": {}, "id": "5", "name": "Creolese", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 6.8, "longitude": -58.166668}, "name": "Creolese"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-58.166668, 6.8]}, "id": "5"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "7-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 1671, "valueset_pk": 1511, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 1511, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "7-17", "description": "The neutral 3SG personal pronouns i/uhm (both unstressed) and the 2nd person form yo cannot be used independently.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 67, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 67, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Vincentian Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 67, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 66, "jsondata": {}, "id": "7", "name": "Vincentian Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 13.133333, "longitude": -61.216667}, "name": "Vincentian Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-61.216667, 13.133333]}, "id": "7"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "15-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 3849, "valueset_pk": 3526, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 3526, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "15-17", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 7, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 7, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Krio", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 7, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "15", "name": "Krio", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 8.483333, "longitude": -13.2}, "name": "Krio"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-13.2, 8.483333]}, "id": "15"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "16-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4111, "valueset_pk": 3777, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 3777, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "16-17", "description": "Dependent pronouns carry a low tone, while independent pronouns are high-toned.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 8, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 8, "source": null}}], "label": "Ghanaian Pidgin English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 8, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 8, "jsondata": {}, "id": "16", "name": "Ghanaian Pidgin English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 5.558582, "longitude": -0.20874}, "name": "Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-0.20874, 5.558582]}, "id": "16"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "17-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4395, "valueset_pk": 4033, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4033, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "17-17", "description": "Independent and dependent pronouns are distinguished from each other mainly by tone (e.g. independent y\u00fa vs. dependent y\u00f9) except in the case of the first person singular subject pronouns (independent m\u00ed vs. dependent \u00e0).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 9, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 9, "source": null}}], "label": "Nigerian Pidgin", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 9, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 9, "jsondata": {}, "id": "17", "name": "Nigerian Pidgin", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 6.358975, "longitude": 5.564575}, "name": "Nigerian Pidgin"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [5.564575, 6.358975]}, "id": "17"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "18-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4692, "valueset_pk": 4285, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4285, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "18-17", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 10, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 10, "source": null}}], "label": "Cameroon Pidgin English", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 10, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 10, "jsondata": {}, "id": "18", "name": "Cameroon Pidgin English", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 3.383333, "longitude": 9.966667}, "name": "Cameroon Pidgin English"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [9.966667, 3.383333]}, "id": "18"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "19-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 4963, "valueset_pk": 4536, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 4536, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "19-17", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 11, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 11, "source": null}}], "label": "Pichi", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 11, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "English", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 11, "jsondata": {}, "id": "19", "name": "Pichi", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 3.754634, "longitude": 8.779449}, "name": "Pichi"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [8.779449, 3.754634]}, "id": "19"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "30-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 7940, "valueset_pk": 7262, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 7262, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "30-17", "description": "Morphologically, there is no distinction between the independent personal pronoun (without the topicalizing a- prefix) and the dependent subject pronoun in 2PL (nhos). But the independent pronoun carries stress, whereas the dependent does not. \nThere are no dependent object pronouns for the polite 2SG, nor for the neutral 2PL. The tonic independent pronouns must be used instead: N ta kunp\u00e1nha-nho, N ta kunp\u00e1nha-nha, N ta kunp\u00e1nha-nhos 'I shall accompany you'.\nFurthermore, dependent object pronouns cannot be used after verb forms with an ending (there are three endings in this creole: -ba [ANT], -du [PASS] and -da [ANT + PASS]), nor can they be used as second object pronouns (the first \u2013 dependent! \u2013 functioning as an indirect object).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 24, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 24, "source": null}}], "label": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 24, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 23, "jsondata": {}, "id": "30", "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 15.083333, "longitude": -22.616667}, "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-22.616667, 15.083333]}, "id": "30"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "31-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 8214, "valueset_pk": 7514, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 7514, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "31-17", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 25, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 25, "source": null}}], "label": "Cape Verdean Creole of Brava", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 25, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 24, "jsondata": {}, "id": "31", "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Brava", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 14.833333, "longitude": -24.8}, "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of Brava"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-24.8, 14.833333]}, "id": "31"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "32-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 8481, "valueset_pk": 7766, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 7766, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "32-17", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 26, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 26, "source": null}}], "label": "Cape Verdean Creole of S\u00e3o Vicente", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 26, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 25, "jsondata": {}, "id": "32", "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of S\u00e3o Vicente", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 16.866667, "longitude": -24.983334}, "name": "Cape Verdean Creole of S\u00e3o Vicente"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-24.983334, 16.866667]}, "id": "32"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "33-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 8764, "valueset_pk": 8020, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8020, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "33-17", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 27, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 27, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 27, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 26, "jsondata": {}, "id": "33", "name": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 11.9, "longitude": -15.0}, "name": "Guinea-Bissau Kriyol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-15.0, 11.9]}, "id": "33"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "34-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9032, "valueset_pk": 8273, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8273, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "34-17", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 28, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 28, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Casamancese Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 28, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 27, "jsondata": {}, "id": "34", "name": "Casamancese Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.7, "longitude": -16.274}, "name": "Casamancese Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-16.274, 12.7]}, "id": "34"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "35-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9320, "valueset_pk": 8533, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 8533, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "35-17", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 29, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 29, "source": null}}], "label": "Santome", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 29, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 28, "jsondata": {}, "id": "35", "name": "Santome", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 0.33285, "longitude": 6.88}, "name": "Santome"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [6.88, 0.33285]}, "id": "35"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "37-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 9880, "valueset_pk": 9051, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 9051, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "37-17", "description": "There is a distinction between dependent and independent pronouns only in the singular.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 31, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 31, "source": null}}], "label": "Principense", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 31, "region": "West Africa", "lexifier": "Portuguese", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 30, "jsondata": {}, "id": "37", "name": "Principense", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 1.616667, "longitude": 7.366667}, "name": "Principense"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [7.366667, 1.616667]}, "id": "37"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "47-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 12506, "valueset_pk": 11496, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 11496, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "47-17", "description": "Kouwenberg (2007) argues that a distinction should be made between clitic/weak and non-clitic/strong pronouns. Additionally, emphatic/independent forms exist. As can be seen here, it is the emphatic forms which may be used independently. See Feature 62 \"Expression of pronominal subjects\" for further discussion.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 42, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 42, "source": null}}], "label": "Papiamentu", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 42, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "Spanish", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 41, "jsondata": {}, "id": "47", "name": "Papiamentu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 12.25, "longitude": -69.0}, "name": "Papiamentu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-69.0, 12.25]}, "id": "47"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "49-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 13058, "valueset_pk": 12010, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 12010, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "49-17", "description": "Independent personal pronouns are stressed and never have a reduced form (mwen, wou, li, nou, nou, yo). Dependent personal pronouns may have a reduced form (m, w, l, n, n, y).", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 44, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 44, "source": null}}], "label": "Haitian Creole", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 44, "region": "Caribbean", "lexifier": "French", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 43, "jsondata": {}, "id": "49", "name": "Haitian Creole", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 19.0, "longitude": -72.5}, "name": "Haitian Creole"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-72.5, 19.0]}, "id": "49"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "62-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 16593, "valueset_pk": 15299, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 15299, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "62-17", "description": "Like many Bantu languages, Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu has dependent subject and object pronouns preceding the verb (Mous 2003: 114f):\n\n1SG: ni (SBJ); ni (OBJ)\n2SG: u (SBJ); ku (OBJ) \n1PL: tu (SBJ); tu (OBJ)\n2PL: m(u) (SBJ); m(\u00fa) (OBJ)\n1: \u00e9/\u00e1 (SBJ); m(u) (OBJ)\n2: v\u00e9/v\u00e1 (SBJ); v\u00e1 (OBJ)\n3: \u00fa (SBJ); \u00fa (OBJ)\n4: \u00ed (SBJ); \u00ed (OBJ)\n5: l\u00ed (SBJ); l\u00ed (OBJ)\n6: \u00e9/\u00e1 (SBJ); \u00e1 (OBJ)\n7: ch\u00ed (SBJ); ch\u00ed (OBJ) \n8: v\u00ed (SBJ); v\u00ed (OBJ)\n9: \u00ed (SBJ); \u00ed (OBJ)\n10: j\u00ed (SBJ); j\u00ed (OBJ)\n11: l\u00fa (SBJ); l\u00fa/\u00fa (OBJ)\n12: k\u00e9/k\u00e1 (SBJ); k\u00e1 (OBJ)\n14.1: v\u00fa (SBJ); v\u00fa (OBJ)\n14.2: \u00fa (SBJ); \u00fa (OBJ)\n15: k\u00fa (SBJ); k\u00fa (OBJ)\n16: h\u00e9/h\u00e1 (SBJ); h\u00e1 (OBJ) \nREFL: - (SBJ); k\u00fa (OBJ)", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 59, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 59, "source": null}}], "label": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 59, "region": "Central and East Africa", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 58, "jsondata": {}, "id": "62", "name": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -4.533333, "longitude": 38.366669}, "name": "Mixed Ma\u2019a/Mbugu"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [38.366669, -4.533333]}, "id": "62"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "72-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19175, "valueset_pk": 17739, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 17739, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "72-17", "description": "Only the emphatic Gurindji-derived pronouns are found used independently. In this respect all regular pronouns which are of Kriol origin can be analyzed as dependent pronouns. They are clitics, rather than affixes, though they are usually written as separate words.", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 70, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 70, "source": null}}], "label": "Gurindji Kriol", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 70, "region": "Australia", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 69, "jsondata": {}, "id": "72", "name": "Gurindji Kriol", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": -17.450001, "longitude": 130.983337}, "name": "Gurindji Kriol"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [130.983337, -17.450001]}, "id": "72"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"jsondata": {}, "id": "75-17-4", "name": null, "description": null, "markup_description": null, "pk": 19971, "valueset_pk": 18489, "domainelement_pk": 328, "frequency": 100.0, "confidence": "Very certain", "domainelement": {"pk": 328, "jsondata": {"color": "0000FF"}, "id": "17-4", "name": "Dependent subject and object forms", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "parameter_pk": 80, "number": 4, "abbr": "Dependent subject and object forms"}, "valueset": {"pk": 18489, "jsondata": {"icon": "pie-100-0000FF.png", "_number_of_values": 1}, "id": "75-17", "description": "Michif verbs are used as in Cree. The verbs inflect for subject and (indirect) object. There are two sets of forms, one (roughly) for main clauses, the other for subordinate clauses. These sets are usually called the independent and conjunct orders. The total number of person affixes in the verb (seven persons, intransitive, transitive, animate, inanimate) exceeds 50.\n\nThere are a number of morphophonological processes that obscure the person prefixes: *ni- merges with stops /p t k/ to become /b d g/, and and the second person prefix ki- merges with verb-initial k- (stem or tense marker) into just k-.\" (kik- > k)", "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 73, "parameter_pk": 80, "contribution_pk": 73, "source": "Own knowledge"}}], "label": "Michif", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzNCIgd2lkdGg9IjM0Ij4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIxNy4wIiBjeT0iMTcuMCIgcj0iMTYuMCIgc3R5bGU9InN0cm9rZTpibGFjazsgZmlsbDojMDAwMEZGOyI+PC9jaXJjbGU+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"pk": 73, "region": "North America", "lexifier": "Other", "language_pk": null, "survey_pk": 72, "jsondata": {}, "id": "75", "name": "Michif", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 48.833332, "longitude": -99.800003}, "name": "Michif"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-99.800003, 48.833332]}, "id": "75"}]}