Datapoint Palenquero/Politeness distinctions in second-person pronouns

Note that Palenquero bo 'you (SG)' often alternates with uté (derived from the Spanish "polite" form usted). However, in Palenquero, this alternation seems free, and has no semantic consequences. That is, bo and uté can both be formal and/or informal. Uté is thus not identical to Spanish usted.

Utere < Spanish ustedes ('you [PL]') is the usual form, enú (same meaning as utere) was highly archaic by the 1980s, but has undergone revitalization, as it is now recognized in the community as an "African" feature that has special sociolinguistic value. Enú is now used by younger Palenqueros who wish to display their (supposed) "deep knowledge" of the creole. Enú is derived from Kikongo, as shown in Schwegler (2002b: 185).

Values

No pronominal politeness distinction

Example 48-26:
¡Uté ~ bo ta loko!
¡Uté
you.sg
~
~
bo
you.sg
ta
be
loko!
crazy
You (sg.) are crazy.
Spanish: ¡Usted ~ vos está loco/loca!
Example 48-27:
¡Utere ~ enú ta loko!
¡Utere
you.pl
~
~
enú
you.pl
ta
be
loko!
crazy
You (pl.) are crazy.
Spanish: ¡Ustedes están locos/locas!
Confidence:
Certain