Datapoint Papiamentu/Instrument relative clauses

The following strategies are used for wh-extraction of the complement of P:
(a) complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a resumptive pronoun appears in the extraction site (Muysken 1977, Dijkhoff 1983 ACS); although that pronoun takes the form of the 3rd person singular pronoun e, it is not sensitive to number, and may appear with plural antecedents;
(b) complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a detransitivized form of the preposition appears, formed by construal of a + P or pa + P: den/aden 'in, inside', dilanti/padilanti 'in front (of)', etc. (Muysken 1977, Kouwenberg & Murray 1994: 52). This strategy is not available for instrumentals, as no detransitivized form exists for the instrumental P ku. I have included examples of other detransitivized Ps under Value 7, for completeness.
(c) less frequently, a relative pronoun appears, which allows for pied-piping; this is a more minor strategy than (a) (see Feature 92 "Subject relative clauses" for discussion of relative pronouns).
(d) also marginal is the strategy whereby complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a gap appears – a strategy which may represent the influence of the Dutch construction; unfortunately, I have no examples at hand.
The last two strategies may well represent the influence of contact with Dutch, which uses pied-piping fairly frequently, and which allows preposition stranding.

Values

Relative particle and resumptive pronoun Frequency: 63.6%

Example 47-187:
e pèn ku m'a skirbi kuné
e
def
pèn
pen
ku
comp
mi
1sg
a
pfv
skirbi
write
ku
with
e
3sg
the pen that I wrote with

Source: Muysken 1977: 86

Confidence:
Very certain

Relative pronoun with pied-piping Frequency: 27.3%

Example 47-188:
Ela bai su kas pa regresá despues ku un machete ku kua el a zuai den direkshon di Djo.
El
3sg
a
pfv
bai
go
su
poss
kas
house
pa
for
regresá
return
despues
later
ku
with
un
indf
machete
cutlass
ku
with
kua
which
el
3sg
a
pfv
zuai
swing
den
in
direkshon
direction
di
of
Djo.
Djo
He went home to return later with a cutlass with which he swung in Djo's direction.

Source: nd: 27 June 2009, p.6

Example 47-190:
[...] tin regla ku ta obligá kontratistanan lokal pa sòru pa tin WC di kua nan trahadónan por hasi uso durante konstrukshon.
[...]
[...]
tin
have
regla
regulation
ku
comp
ta
tns
obligá
oblige
kontratista
contractor
nan
pl
lokal
local
pa
comp
sòru
ensure
pa
comp
tin
have
WC
WC
di
of
kua
which
nan
3pl
trahadó
worker
nan
pl
por
can
hasi
make
uso
use
durante
during
konstrukshon
construction
[...] there are regulations which require local contractors to make sure to have toilet facilities of which their workers can make use during construction work.

Source: nd: 20 June 2009, p.2

Example 47-191:
Pa no kita e sous ku kua e saserdote a terminá e kapítulo aki, ata e vershon original na hulandes: [...].
Pa
for
no
neg
kita
remove
e
def
sous
sauce
ku
with
kua
which
e
def
saserdote
priest
a
asp
terminá
end
e
def
kapítulo
chapter
aki,
dem.prox
ata
presv
e
def
vershon
version
original
original
na
loc
hulandes:
Dutch
[...].
[...]
Not to do injustice to the juice with which the priest ended this chapter, here is the original Dutch version: [...].

Source: nd: 20 June 2009, p.7

Confidence:
Very certain

Relative particle and gap with preposition stranding Frequency: 9.1%

Example 47-189:
e ènvelop ku bo a manda bo karta aden
e
def
ènvelop
envelope
ku
comp
bo
2sg
a
pfv
manda
send
bo
2sg
karta
letter
aden
inside
the envelope that you sent your letter in

Source: Kouwenberg nd

Example 47-192:
Un di e aktividatnan ku BOVOBO ta trahando ariba ta un “beach volleyball” ku [...].
un
one
di
of
e
def
aktividat
activity-pl
nan
comp
ku
BOVOBO
BOVOBO
tns
ta
work-ger
traha-ndo
on
ariba
cop
ta
indf
un
beach
“beach
volleyball
volleyball”
comp
ku
[...]
[...].
 
One of the activities which BOVOBO is working on is beach volleyball which [...].

Source: nd: 16 July 2009, p.9

Confidence:
Very certain