Datapoint Nigerian Pidgin/Instrument relative clauses

Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. The object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5. Serialized verb constructions containing tek can also be combined with the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ to signal the instrumental. In such sentences, the instrumental object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5, while the object of wìt can only be relativized by the strategies listed under Value 3.

Values

Relative particle and resumptive pronoun Frequency: 90.0%

Example 17-162:
Dì nayf we̱ ìm tek ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.
Dì
art.def
nayf
knife
we̱
rel
ìm
3sg.sbj
tek
take.ins
ko̱t
cut
dì
art.def
nyam
yam
(wìt-am)
(with.ins-3sg.obj)
ko̱m
REALIS
brok.
break
The knife that he cut the yam with broke.

Source: Faraclas 1996: 35-46

Example 17-163:
Dì nayf we̱ ìm tek-am ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.
Dì
art.def
nayf
knife
we̱
rel
ìm
3sg.sbj
tek-am
take.ins-3sg.obj
ko̱t
cut
dì
art.def
nyam
yam
(wìt-am)
(with.ins-3sg.obj)
ko̱m
REALIS
brok.
break
The knife that he cut the yam with broke.

Source: Faraclas 1996: 35-46

Confidence:
Very certain

Zero and resumptive pronoun Frequency: 10.0%

Example 17-164:
Dì nayf ìm tek-am ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.
Dì
art.def
nayf
knife
ìm
3sg.sbj
tek-am
take.ins-3sg.obj
ko̱t
cut
dì
art.def
nyam
yam
(wìt-am)
(with.ins-3sg.obj)
ko̱m
REALIS
brok.
break
The knife that he cut the yam with broke.

Source: Faraclas 1996: 35-46

Confidence:
Very certain